Byzantine empire

Byzantine Empire (also known as the Eastern Roman Empire) was a continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, originally founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.

History

The Byzantine Empire was the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived for a thousand years after the western half had crumbled into various feudal kingdoms and which finally fell before Turkish assault in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe.

Foundation and early history

The Byzantine Empire was founded by Constantine the Great in 330 AD, who moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople. The empire was a direct continuation of the Roman Empire, but the shift of the capital and the eventual fall of the Western Roman Empire led to a very different character.

Middle Byzantine Period

The Middle Byzantine Period, also known as the Macedonian period, was a time of significant expansion and cultural flourishing. This period was marked by the reigns of several capable emperors, including Basil II, who expanded the empire's borders and strengthened its military.

Late Byzantine Period

The Late Byzantine Period was characterized by a series of civil wars, invasions, and economic decline. Despite these challenges, the empire continued to exert significant cultural and political influence in Europe and the Near East.

Culture

Byzantine culture was a combination of the Greek-speaking Roman world, Christian faith, and Oriental influences. Byzantine literature, art, and music developed distinctive traits, some of which are still visible in the traditions of the Orthodox Church.

Legacy

The Byzantine Empire's influence on the world was profound. Its culture and traditions have been a source of inspiration and study for many subsequent cultures and nations.

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