Cable television

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Cisco Set Top box from the front

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HFC Network Diagram

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Cable television is a system of delivering television programming to consumers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables, or in more recent systems, light pulses through fiber-optic cables. This contrasts with traditional broadcast television (terrestrial television) where the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television. Cable TV systems use a network of distribution cables to deliver multiple channels to subscribers' homes.

History

The origins of cable television can be traced back to the early 1940s, in the United States, where it was developed to enhance poor reception of over-the-air television signals in mountainous or remote areas. Initially called "community antenna television" (CATV), the technology involved a large central antenna designed to receive broadcast television signals for redistribution to subscribing homes in the vicinity via coaxial cables.

Technology

Cable television technology has evolved significantly over the years. Initially, systems were analog and required a cable converter box for each television if the TV did not support cable frequencies. With the advent of digital cable, the quality and quantity of available channels have significantly increased. Digital cable allows for the transmission of digital data signals, which are less susceptible to interference and can carry more information, leading to a greater number of channels and services, such as on-demand programming, high-definition television (HDTV), and internet access.

Analog and Digital Cable

• Analog Cable was the first technology used in cable television. It transmits television signals as continuous analog waveforms. However, analog cable is limited in channel capacity and picture quality.
• Digital Cable converts television content into digital data streams. This technology allows for more channels, better picture quality, and interactive features like video on demand and electronic program guides.

Distribution System

The distribution system of cable television starts at the satellite or terrestrial source, where signals are received and processed at a local cable headend. From there, the signals are distributed through a network of coaxial or fiber-optic cables to subscribers. Amplifiers are placed at intervals to ensure signal strength over long distances. The final leg of the distribution is often via coaxial cable to individual homes, where a set-top box decodes the digital signals for viewing on television sets.

Programming

Cable television offers a wide range of programming, including local broadcast stations, dedicated news and sports channels, premium channels, and international channels. Cable providers often bundle channels into packages, offering consumers various options based on interests and viewing preferences.

Regulation

The cable television industry is subject to regulation by national and regional authorities. Regulations may address issues such as content, pricing, and the requirement to carry certain channels, especially local broadcast channels.

Challenges and Future

Cable television faces challenges from alternative content delivery methods, such as satellite television, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), and streaming services. These platforms offer competitive pricing and flexibility, such as the ability to watch content on multiple devices and on-demand. In response, cable providers are increasingly integrating internet services, offering bundled packages, and developing their own on-demand and streaming platforms.

See Also

• Broadcast television
• Satellite television
• Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)
• Streaming media