Calendula arvensis

Calendula arvensis, commonly known as the field marigold, is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. It is native to southern Europe but has spread to other parts of the world, including North America and Australia, where it grows in a variety of habitats. This annual plant is notable for its vibrant orange or yellow flowers that bloom in the spring and summer.

Description

Calendula arvensis is an annual herb that reaches heights of 5 to 40 cm. Its stems are erect, branched, and covered with sparse, stiff hairs. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 7 cm long, and arranged alternately along the stem. The leaf margins are entire or slightly toothed.

The flowers of Calendula arvensis are its most distinguishing feature. They are solitary flower heads, 3 to 5 cm in diameter, with bright yellow to orange ray florets. The flower heads are borne on long peduncles and have a central disc of darker orange to brown disc florets. The fruit is an achene, which varies in shape and size, aiding in seed dispersal by wind or animals.

Habitat and Distribution

Originally from southern Europe, Calendula arvensis has been introduced to many parts of the world, including North and South America, Australia, and parts of Asia. It thrives in a wide range of habitats, from agricultural land and disturbed soils to grasslands and coastal areas. It prefers sunny locations with well-drained soil.

Uses

While not as widely cultivated as its relative, the pot marigold (Calendula officinalis), Calendula arvensis has been used in traditional medicine and culinary applications. The flowers are edible and have been used to add color to salads and as a substitute for saffron. In traditional medicine, the plant has been used for its anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties, although scientific evidence to support these uses is limited.

Ecology

Calendula arvensis plays a role in the ecosystem by providing nectar and pollen for a variety of pollinators, including bees and butterflies. Its ability to grow in disturbed soils also makes it an important pioneer species that can help stabilize soil and pave the way for other plants to colonize.

Conservation

Although Calendula arvensis is widespread and not currently considered at risk, its habitats are threatened by urbanization, intensive agriculture, and the use of herbicides. Conservation efforts focus on preserving natural habitats and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.