Canine transmissible venereal tumor

Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor (CTVT), also known as transmissible venereal tumor (TVT), is a sexually transmitted infection in dogs caused by a parasitic tumor. CTVT is notable for being one of the only known forms of transmissible cancer, which can spread between dogs through sexual contact, licking, biting, or sniffing tumor-affected areas.

Overview

CTVT is characterized by the appearance of soft, cauliflower-like growths, primarily affecting the external genitalia of both male and female dogs. The tumor can also manifest in areas such as the nose, mouth, and skin, particularly in cases where the primary site is licked and the cells are then transferred to other parts of the body. Despite its malignant nature, CTVT is usually not fatal and can often regress spontaneously or respond well to chemotherapy.

Etiology

The tumor is caused by the transmission of living cancer cells between dogs. Unlike most cancers, which originate within the host due to genetic mutations, CTVT is contagious and spreads through the direct transfer of living cancer cells. This unique mode of transmission has allowed CTVT to survive and propagate in dog populations worldwide.

Symptoms

Symptoms of CTVT include the development of tumors in and around the genital area, which may bleed or become ulcerated. In cases where the tumor spreads to other parts of the body, such as the skin or oral cavity, similar growths may appear. Affected dogs may also exhibit signs of discomfort, including licking or scratching at the affected areas.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of CTVT typically involves a physical examination followed by cytological analysis of the tumor cells. A veterinarian may take a sample of the tumor through a fine needle aspirate or biopsy, which is then examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of the characteristic tumor cells.

Treatment

Treatment options for CTVT include chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy. Vincristine sulfate is the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agent for treating CTVT, with a high success rate in inducing remission. Surgical removal of the tumor may be considered in cases where chemotherapy is not effective or feasible. Radiation therapy is less commonly used but may be an option for tumors that are not responsive to other treatments.

Prognosis

The prognosis for dogs with CTVT is generally good, especially with timely and appropriate treatment. Most dogs respond well to chemotherapy, with complete remission being achieved in the majority of cases. Spontaneous regression of the tumor can also occur, although this is less common.

Prevention

Prevention of CTVT primarily involves controlling the sexual contact of dogs, especially in areas where the disease is prevalent. Neutering of dogs may also help reduce the spread of the tumor by decreasing roaming and mating behaviors.

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