Capitulate

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Capitulate refers to the act of surrendering or ceasing to resist an opponent or an unwelcome demand. The term is often used in both military and non-military contexts. In a broader sense, to capitulate involves giving up all efforts to oppose or resist something, often after a prolonged struggle.

Etymology

The word "capitulate" is derived from the Latin capitulum, meaning "a little head" or "chapter," referring to the terms or conditions of a surrender which were traditionally written down in a document divided into articles or chapters.

Military context

In a military context, capitulation refers to the surrender of an armed force, the inhabitants of a fortress, or even a whole territory, to an enemy. This usually occurs after negotiations, resulting in a capitulation treaty, which outlines the terms of surrender and the treatment of the surrendering parties. Examples of famous military capitulations include the surrender of the German forces at Stalingrad during World War II and the capitulation of Japanese forces in 1945, leading to the end of World War II.

Political and social contexts

Capitulate can also be used in political or social contexts when a person or group stops resisting an idea, policy, or authority. This can be due to various reasons such as political pressure, public opinion, or the realization that further resistance is futile. For instance, a political party might capitulate to demands for policy changes if it is likely to result in greater public support or avoid negative consequences.

Psychological aspect

Psychologically, capitulation might involve an individual giving up a personal struggle against impulses or desires, thereby accepting something previously resisted. This can be seen in scenarios where an individual might capitulate to addiction after a period of resistance.

In popular culture

The concept of capitulation is often explored in literature and film, where characters face dilemmas requiring them to choose between continuing their resistance or surrendering to the opposing force. These portrayals can provide deep insights into the human condition and the complexities of moral and ethical decision-making.

See also

• Surrender (military)
• Treaty
• Negotiation

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