Cargo cult science

Cargo Cult Science

Cargo cult science is a term coined by physicist Richard Feynman during his 1974 commencement address at the California Institute of Technology. It refers to practices that have the semblance of being scientific but do not adhere to the rigorous methodology and principles that are fundamental to true scientific inquiry.

Origin of the Term

The term "cargo cult" originally referred to certain religious movements that emerged in the South Pacific after World War II. Indigenous people observed that Westerners would receive supplies and goods ("cargo") from large aircraft. In an attempt to attract similar deliveries, they mimicked the behaviors and practices they had observed, such as building makeshift airstrips and control towers, without understanding the underlying mechanisms that brought the cargo.

Feynman used this analogy to describe scientific research that follows the superficial aspects of scientific investigation but lacks the essential elements of scientific integrity and rigor.

Characteristics of Cargo Cult Science

Cargo cult science is characterized by:

• Lack of Rigorous Testing: Experiments are not designed to rigorously test hypotheses. Instead, they may be set up in a way that confirms preconceived notions.
• Absence of Falsifiability: Theories are not structured in a way that allows them to be proven false. This is contrary to the scientific method, which requires that hypotheses be testable and falsifiable.
• Neglect of Peer Review: Findings are not subjected to the scrutiny of the scientific community through peer review, which is essential for validating research.
• Confirmation Bias: Researchers may selectively report data that supports their hypothesis while ignoring data that contradicts it.

Examples in Science

Cargo cult science can be found in various fields where the appearance of scientific methodology is maintained, but the core principles are not. Examples include:

• Pseudoscience: Fields like astrology or homeopathy often mimic scientific language and methods but lack empirical support and falsifiability.
• Poorly Conducted Studies: Research that lacks control groups, has small sample sizes, or does not account for confounding variables can fall into this category.

Importance of Scientific Integrity

Feynman emphasized the importance of "utter honesty" in scientific research. This means not only avoiding deception but also being honest with oneself about the limitations and potential biases in one's work. Scientists must strive to disprove their own theories and be open to criticism and new evidence.

Conclusion

Cargo cult science serves as a cautionary tale for researchers and students of science. It highlights the importance of adhering to the principles of the scientific method and maintaining a commitment to truth and integrity in research. By understanding and avoiding the pitfalls of cargo cult science, scientists can contribute to the advancement of knowledge in a meaningful and reliable way.

References

• Feynman, R. P. (1985). Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! W. W. Norton & Company.
• Scientific method