Caves

Caves are natural underground spaces, typically large enough for a human to enter. Caves form naturally by the weathering of rock and often extend deep underground. The study of caves is called speleology, which often involves the disciplines of geology, geography, biology, and archaeology.

Formation

Caves are formed by various geological processes. These include the dissolution of soluble rocks, the erosion from water, the cracking from ice formations, and the collapse from earthquakes or other tectonic processes. The most common type of cave formation is due to the dissolution of limestone by acidic water. This process creates karst landscapes which are characterized by underground drainage systems with sinkholes, dolines, and caves.

Types of Caves

Caves can be categorized into several types based on their geological formation:

• Solution caves: These are formed in carbonate and sulfate rocks such as limestone and gypsum, primarily through chemical dissolution by natural acids in water.
• Lava tubes: Formed by flowing lava which moves beneath the hardened surface of a lava flow. Tubes can become empties out leaving a tunnel-like conduit beneath.
• Sea caves: Created by the power of the ocean eroding the rock along coastlines.
• Glacier caves: Formed within the ice of a glacier where the meltwater carves tunnels at the beginning of its journey to the sea.
• Talus caves: These caves are formed by the openings between large boulders that have fallen into a pile, often found at the bases of cliffs.

Ecology

Caves offer unique environments which are relatively isolated from the outside world. This isolation can lead to the evolution of unique flora and fauna, adapted to the dark, often nutrient-poor environments. Some species are entirely dependent on the cave environments, a condition known as troglobitism. Examples include cave fish, bats, and various invertebrates.

Human Use

Throughout history, caves have been used by humans for shelter, burial, religious sites, and art. Prehistoric cave paintings, such as those found in the Lascaux caves in France, are famous examples of early human art. In more recent times, caves have been explored for scientific research and recreation.

Conservation

Caves are sensitive environments. Human activities can easily disturb the delicate ecological balance and degrade the physical structure of caves. Conservation efforts are important to preserve these natural wonders for future generations. Organizations such as the National Speleological Society work to promote the responsible exploration and conservation of cave systems.

See Also

• Karst topography
• Subterranean river
• Cave conservation
• Cave painting