Cellule

Cellule is the French term for a cell, the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology.

Structure

Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a cell membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Most plant and animal cells are visible only under a microscope, with dimensions between 1 and 100 micrometres.

Types of cells

There are two types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are usually singletons, while eukaryotic cells are usually found in multicellular organisms.

Prokaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells are about 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells and are simpler in structure. They have no nucleus; instead, their genetic material is free-floating within the cell. They also lack the many membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells. Thus, the functions of these organelles are taken up by other parts of the prokaryotic cell.

Eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, have a nucleus that contains their genetic material. They also contain other membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, which further compartmentalize the cell and play specific roles in its function.

Cell functions

Cells perform a vast number of functions in an organism including protein synthesis, conversion of nutrients into energy, response to environmental changes, and reproduction.

See also

• Cell division
• Cell cycle
• Cell growth

References

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