Celtis occidentalis

Mature Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), Chicago, IL

Celtis occidentalis leaf

Celtis occidentalis (26)

Hackberry winter form

Celtis-occidentalis-flower

Celtis occidentalis, commonly known as the common hackberry, is a species of tree in the family Cannabaceae. It is native to North America, where it is found in a wide range of environments, from the eastern United States west to the Great Plains, and north into Canada. The tree is notable for its adaptability to different soil types and urban environments, making it a popular choice for street and park plantings.

Description

Celtis occidentalis is a medium to large deciduous tree, typically reaching heights of 12 to 15 meters (40 to 50 feet), though some specimens can grow up to 30 meters (100 feet) tall. The bark is light gray and becomes deeply furrowed with age. The leaves are alternate, simple, 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) long, and 3 to 5 cm (1.2 to 2 inches) broad. They have a distinctive asymmetrical base and serrated edges. The foliage turns yellow in the fall.

The tree produces small, greenish flowers in spring, which are followed by small, round fruits. The fruits are edible, turning from orange to dark purple when ripe in late summer to early fall. They are a source of food for various species of birds and wildlife.

Ecology

Celtis occidentalis plays a significant role in its ecosystem. It serves as a host plant for several species of butterflies and moths, providing a food source for their larvae. The tree's fruits are consumed by numerous bird species, including the American robin, cedar waxwing, and mockingbird, which help disperse the seeds.

The common hackberry is also known for its tolerance to air pollution and soil compaction, making it a resilient species in urban settings. Its deep root system helps prevent soil erosion, making it beneficial for planting in areas prone to this issue.

Uses

Historically, Celtis occidentalis has had various uses. The wood is moderately hard and has been used for furniture, paneling, and sometimes as a substitute for elm in woodworking. The fruits, while not widely consumed by humans today, can be eaten raw or made into jellies and preserves.

In landscaping, the common hackberry is valued for its adaptability, ease of care, and the shade it provides. Its tolerance of different environmental conditions, including drought and poor soil quality, makes it a versatile choice for urban forestry projects and restoration efforts.

Conservation

While Celtis occidentalis is not currently listed as endangered or threatened, its populations are subject to pressures from habitat loss, invasive species, and diseases such as the fungal pathogen that causes witches' broom, which can lead to significant damage and mortality in affected trees. Conservation efforts focus on monitoring tree health, controlling invasive species, and promoting the planting of native trees like the common hackberry in restoration projects.