Characteristics of dyslexia

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Dislexia nens

Characteristics of Dyslexia

Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that is neurological in origin. It is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision of effective classroom instruction. Secondary consequences may include problems in reading comprehension and reduced reading experience that can impede growth of vocabulary and background knowledge.

Symptoms and Characteristics

Dyslexia manifests in various ways and can affect individuals differently. However, there are common characteristics that are widely recognized:

• Phonological Awareness: Individuals with dyslexia often have difficulty with the manipulation of sounds, such as blending sounds to form words or segmenting words into individual sounds.

• Decoding: People with dyslexia may struggle with decoding, which involves translating written words into their spoken equivalents.

• Reading Fluency: Dyslexia can lead to problems with reading fluency, meaning the ability to read quickly, accurately, and with proper expression.

• Spelling: Dyslexia often affects spelling due to difficulties in understanding sound-letter correspondence.

• Reading Comprehension: Due to difficulties with word recognition and reading fluency, individuals with dyslexia may also have problems with reading comprehension.

• Vocabulary Growth: Reduced reading experience can impede the growth of vocabulary and background knowledge.

Causes

Dyslexia is believed to be caused by both genetic and environmental factors. It tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic link. Brain imaging studies have shown differences in the way the brain of a person with dyslexia functions and is structured.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of dyslexia involves a series of tests administered by a qualified professional. These tests assess reading and language abilities, phonological awareness, decoding skills, and spelling, among others.

Treatment and Management

While there is no cure for dyslexia, early intervention and specific educational strategies can improve the symptoms. Treatment often involves teaching reading with methods that are multisensory and structured, such as Orton-Gillingham-based approaches. Accommodations, such as extra time on tests, can also be helpful.

Impact

Dyslexia can have a significant impact on education and self-esteem. However, with the right support, individuals with dyslexia can achieve success in school and in their careers.

See Also

• Learning Disabilities
• Phonological Awareness
• Reading Comprehension
• Orton-Gillingham