Chemokine receptor

Chemokine Receptor

A chemokine receptor is a type of protein that spans the cell membrane and interacts with chemokines to elicit cellular responses. These receptors belong to the larger family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are integral membrane proteins involved in various physiological processes.

Structure

Chemokine receptors are composed of seven transmembrane domains connected by three extracellular and three intracellular loops. The N-terminus is located outside the cell, while the C-terminus is inside. The specific structure of each receptor is determined by the chemokine it binds to.

Function

Chemokine receptors play a crucial role in the immune system. They are responsible for the directed migration of leukocytes (white blood cells) to sites of inflammation or injury. This process, known as chemotaxis, is a key aspect of the immune response.

In addition to their role in the immune system, chemokine receptors are involved in HIV infection. The virus uses these receptors, particularly CCR5 and CXCR4, to enter and infect cells.

Types

There are approximately 20 known types of chemokine receptors, which are classified based on the chemokines they bind to. The main types include CCR (C-C chemokine receptor), CXCR (C-X-C chemokine receptor), CX3CR (C-X3-C chemokine receptor), and XCR (X-C chemokine receptor).

Clinical Significance

Given their role in immune response and HIV infection, chemokine receptors are potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Drugs that block these receptors could potentially be used to treat inflammatory diseases and prevent HIV infection.