Choroidal neovascularization

Choroidal Neovascularization

An illustration showing choroidal neovascularization.

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a pathological condition characterized by the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the choroid layer of the eye. These new blood vessels can leak fluid and blood, leading to vision loss and other complications. CNV is commonly associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but it can also occur due to other underlying conditions or injuries.

Causes

The exact cause of choroidal neovascularization is not fully understood. However, several risk factors have been identified, including:

• Age: CNV is more prevalent in individuals over the age of 50, particularly in those with AMD.
• Genetics: Certain genetic variations have been linked to an increased risk of developing CNV.
• Smoking: Tobacco use has been associated with a higher likelihood of developing CNV.
• Hypertension: High blood pressure can contribute to the development and progression of CNV.
• Eye trauma: In some cases, CNV can occur as a result of eye injuries or surgeries.

Symptoms

The symptoms of choroidal neovascularization can vary depending on the location and extent of the abnormal blood vessel growth. Common signs and symptoms include:

• Blurred or distorted vision: CNV can cause central vision loss or a decrease in visual acuity.
• Metamorphopsia: Straight lines may appear wavy or distorted.
• Scotoma: Dark spots or blind spots may appear in the central visual field.
• Reduced color perception: Colors may appear less vibrant or washed out.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing choroidal neovascularization typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, which may include the following tests:

• Visual acuity test: Measures the clarity of vision at various distances.
• Fundus examination: Allows the ophthalmologist to examine the back of the eye, including the retina and choroid.
• Optical coherence tomography (OCT): Provides detailed cross-sectional images of the retina, helping to identify any fluid or blood leakage.
• Fluorescein angiography: Involves injecting a dye into the bloodstream to visualize the blood vessels in the eye.

Treatment

The treatment options for choroidal neovascularization depend on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Some common treatment approaches include:

• Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy: Injections of medications that inhibit the growth of abnormal blood vessels.
• Photodynamic therapy (PDT): Uses a combination of light-sensitive drugs and laser treatment to destroy abnormal blood vessels.
• Laser photocoagulation: Uses a laser to seal leaking blood vessels and prevent further damage.
• Surgical intervention: In severe cases, surgical removal of the abnormal blood vessels may be necessary.

Prevention

While it may not be possible to prevent choroidal neovascularization entirely, certain lifestyle modifications can help reduce the risk or slow down its progression. These include:

• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle: Eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding smoking can help protect the eyes.
• Regular eye examinations: Routine eye check-ups can help detect any early signs of CNV and allow for timely intervention.
• Managing underlying conditions: Controlling blood pressure and managing other systemic conditions can help reduce the risk of CNV.

Conclusion

Choroidal neovascularization is a sight-threatening condition characterized by the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the choroid layer of the eye. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial in managing this condition and preventing further vision loss. If you experience any changes in your vision, it is important to consult an eye care professional for a comprehensive evaluation.