Cinchona succirubra

Cinchona succirubra, commonly known as the Red Cinchona, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is native to the slopes of the Andes in South America, particularly in countries such as Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia. This species is renowned for its medicinal properties, primarily due to its bark, which contains quinine, a compound historically crucial in the treatment of malaria.

Description

Cinchona succirubra is a large shrub or small tree, typically reaching heights of 5-15 meters. It has a smooth bark that is reddish-brown in color, from which it derives its common name. The leaves are opposite, simple, and elliptical, with a length of 10-20 cm. The flowers are small, pink or red, and arranged in panicles. The fruit is a small capsule containing numerous seeds.

Cultivation and Uses

The cultivation of Cinchona succirubra is primarily for its bark, which is harvested and processed to extract quinine. Quinine has been used for centuries as an antimalarial drug. The tree is grown in plantations in various tropical countries, including some in Africa and Asia, where it has been introduced for this purpose.

In addition to its medicinal uses, Cinchona succirubra is also planted for reforestation and as an ornamental tree due to its attractive flowers.

History

The use of Cinchona bark for treating fevers was known to the indigenous peoples of South America long before the arrival of Europeans. In the 17th century, Jesuit missionaries learned of its uses and introduced Cinchona bark to Europe, where it became a cornerstone in the treatment of malaria. Cinchona succirubra was one of the species most sought after for its high quinine content.

Conservation

While Cinchona succirubra is not currently listed as endangered, its populations are affected by overharvesting and habitat destruction. Conservation efforts are focused on sustainable harvesting practices and the cultivation of Cinchona species in plantations to reduce pressure on wild populations.

Pharmacology

The pharmacologically active ingredient in Cinchona succirubra bark is quinine, which has been used to treat malaria due to its ability to kill the parasite responsible for the disease. Quinine is also used for its muscle relaxant properties and has been employed in the treatment of nocturnal leg cramps and other conditions.

See Also

• Quinine
• Malaria
• Rubiaceae
• Medicinal plants