Circumambulation

Relief of ancient Indian Buddhists (monks at left, a lay couple at right, statues behind) circumambulating a

Ground plan of

Muslims circumambulating the Kaaba

Engraving showing circumambulation in the Entered Apprentice degree of Freemasonry

Circumambulation is the act of moving around a sacred object or idol in a ritualistic manner. This practice is found in many religions and spiritual traditions around the world, symbolizing respect, reverence, or worship towards the central object of veneration. Circumambulation can be performed around various sacred sites, including temples, shrines, and natural features considered holy.

Origins and Practices

The origins of circumambulation are ancient and varied, with evidence of its practice in early human civilizations. It is a universal ritual that transcends geographical and cultural boundaries, adapting to the specific beliefs and practices of different religions.

In Hinduism

In Hinduism, circumambulation, known as Pradakshina, involves walking clockwise around a temple, deity, or sacred site. This act is a form of worship and devotion, symbolizing the belief in the cyclical nature of life and the universe. The right side of the body, considered auspicious, is kept towards the deity as a sign of respect.

In Buddhism

Buddhism also incorporates circumambulation in its practices, especially around stupas, which are structures containing relics of the Buddha or other saints. Followers walk clockwise, often while chanting or meditating, to show veneration and to accumulate merit.

In Islam

Circumambulation is central to the Islamic practice of Hajj, the pilgrimage to the Kaaba in Mecca. Known as Tawaf, it involves circling the Kaaba seven times in a counter-clockwise direction. This act is seen as a demonstration of the unity of the believers in the worship of the One God.

In Other Traditions

Other religious traditions also feature forms of circumambulation. For example, in Judaism, walking around the Torah during certain ceremonies is a form of reverence. In ancient European pagan practices, circumambulation was often part of rituals related to the seasons and fertility.

Symbolism

The symbolism of circumambulation is rich and multifaceted, often reflecting the cosmology and spiritual beliefs of a culture. It can represent the movement of celestial bodies, the cycle of life and death, or the journey of the soul towards enlightenment. Circumambulation emphasizes the centrality of the sacred object or site, acknowledging its importance in the religious or spiritual life of the practitioner.

Modern Practices

Today, circumambulation continues to be an important ritual in many religious traditions. It is not only a form of physical exercise but also a meditative and spiritual practice, allowing participants to reflect, pray, and connect with the divine. In some cases, circumambulation has also been adopted by secular movements, such as environmentalism, as a way to show respect for the natural world.