Classical Realism

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Classical Realism is a theory of international relations that originated in the early 20th century, emphasizing the perennial role of state power and national interest in an anarchic world order. Rooted in the tradition of political realism, it asserts that the international system is governed by the principle of anarchy, meaning there is no central authority above states. This leads states to act primarily in their own interest, defined in terms of power. Classical Realism is often contrasted with Idealism, which emphasizes international law, morality, and international organizations as key influences on international relations.

Origins and Key Thinkers

Classical Realism has its roots in the works of ancient philosophers like Thucydides and Machiavelli, but it was formally established as a modern theory by early 20th-century thinkers such as E.H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau. Morgenthau, in particular, is often credited with founding the modern discipline of international relations theory with his work "Politics Among Nations," where he outlines the principles of political realism, arguing that the struggle for power is a universal principle of human nature.

Principles of Classical Realism

Classical Realism is based on several key principles:

• The international system is anarchic.
• States are the primary actors in international politics.
• The pursuit of power and security is the central goal of states.
• Moral principles cannot be applied to the actions of states in the same way they are applied to individuals.
• The political sphere is autonomous from other spheres, such as economics and ethics.

Differences from Neorealism

Classical Realism is often compared to Neorealism, another branch of realism. While both theories focus on the anarchic nature of the international system and the pursuit of power, Neorealism places more emphasis on the structural constraints imposed on states by the international system. Classical Realism, on the other hand, focuses more on the human nature and subjective aspects of state behavior.

Criticism

Classical Realism has been criticized on several fronts. Critics argue that it provides a pessimistic view of human nature and overlooks the role of international institutions and cooperation in mitigating conflict. Additionally, it has been challenged by Constructivist theories, which emphasize the role of ideas, norms, and culture in shaping state behavior, and by Liberalism, which focuses on the importance of democracy, economic interdependence, and international institutions.

Influence and Legacy

Despite its criticisms, Classical Realism remains a foundational theory in the study of international relations. It has influenced the development of several other theories and continues to be a critical lens through which scholars and policymakers view global politics. Its emphasis on power and national interest helps explain many of the enduring patterns of international conflict and cooperation.