Classical Realism

Classical Realism

Classical Realism is a theory of international relations that emphasizes the competitive and conflictual side of international politics. It is rooted in a tradition of political thought that dates back to ancient times, drawing on the works of thinkers such as Thucydides, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Thomas Hobbes. Classical Realism posits that the international system is anarchic, meaning there is no overarching authority above states, and that states are the primary actors in international politics.

Core Principles

Classical Realism is based on several key principles:

Human Nature

Classical Realists believe that human nature is inherently selfish and power-seeking. This view is often associated with the writings of Thomas Hobbes, who described life in the state of nature as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." According to Classical Realists, this aspect of human nature is reflected in the behavior of states, which seek power and security in an anarchic international system.

Anarchy

The international system is characterized by anarchy, meaning there is no central authority to enforce rules or norms. This lack of a higher authority leads to a self-help system where states must rely on their own capabilities to ensure their survival.

State-Centrism

Classical Realism views states as the principal actors in international relations. States are seen as rational actors that pursue their national interest, primarily defined in terms of power and security.

Balance of Power

To maintain stability in the international system, Classical Realists argue that a balance of power must be maintained. This involves states aligning themselves with others to prevent any one state from becoming too powerful.

Historical Development

Classical Realism has its roots in the writings of ancient and early modern political thinkers. Thucydides' "History of the Peloponnesian War" is often cited as an early example of realist thought, highlighting the role of power and security in the relations between Athens and Sparta.

During the Renaissance, Niccolò Machiavelli's "The Prince" provided a pragmatic approach to power politics, emphasizing the importance of statecraft and the often amoral nature of political leadership.

In the 17th century, Thomas Hobbes' "Leviathan" further developed the realist perspective by describing the anarchic state of nature and the necessity of a powerful sovereign to maintain order.

Criticisms

Classical Realism has been criticized for its pessimistic view of human nature and its emphasis on conflict and power politics. Critics argue that it overlooks the potential for cooperation and the role of international institutions in mitigating anarchy.

Furthermore, Classical Realism has been challenged by other theories of international relations, such as Liberalism and Constructivism, which offer alternative explanations for state behavior and the nature of the international system.

Also see

• Neorealism (International Relations)
• Liberalism (International Relations)
• Constructivism (International Relations)
• Balance of Power (International Relations)
• Thucydides
• Niccolò Machiavelli
• Thomas Hobbes