Classical swine fever

Classical swine fever kidneys

Classical Swine Fever (CSF), also known as hog cholera or swine fever, is a highly contagious viral disease affecting domestic and wild pigs. It is caused by the Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV), which belongs to the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. The disease is characterized by high fever, hemorrhaging, and high mortality rates, especially in naive pig populations. It poses a significant threat to swine production and economics in affected regions.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

The clinical signs of CSF can vary from acute, subacute, chronic, to subclinical forms, depending on the virulence of the virus strain, age, and immune status of the infected pigs. Acute cases typically present with high fever, depression, loss of appetite, coordination problems, purple skin discoloration, diarrhea, and vomiting. Hemorrhages in the skin and internal organs, along with neurological symptoms, may also be observed.

Diagnosis of CSF is based on clinical signs, epidemiological information, and laboratory tests. Laboratory diagnosis involves the detection of the virus or its components (antigens or RNA) in blood, tissues, or secretions. Techniques such as virus isolation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and immunohistochemistry are commonly used.

Transmission and Control

CSFV is highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals, ingestion of contaminated feed or water, and via fomites (contaminated equipment, clothing, etc.). The virus can also cross the placenta, infecting fetuses. Wild boars and feral pigs can act as reservoirs of the virus, complicating control efforts in regions where these populations are present.

Control and eradication of CSF involve a combination of vaccination, biosecurity measures, and the culling of infected or exposed animals. Vaccination strategies may vary; some countries opt for systematic vaccination programs, while others, aiming for disease-free status, prohibit vaccination to facilitate the detection of infected animals. Biosecurity measures include controlling animal movements, improving farm hygiene, and implementing quarantine protocols.

Economic Impact

The economic impact of CSF is significant, especially in endemic areas or where outbreaks occur in previously disease-free regions. Costs associated with control measures, loss of production, and trade restrictions can be substantial. The disease can also affect pig populations in wild and feral pigs, posing additional challenges to control efforts.

Global Status

The global status of CSF varies, with some countries being free of the disease, while others experience endemic situations or sporadic outbreaks. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) provides updates on the disease's status and supports member countries in their control and eradication efforts.

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