Close air support

Close Air Support training at the Nevada Test and Training Range 110923-F-MQ656-179

Royal Aircraft Factory FE2d gunner

Junkers JI

Z Force DH9 in air ambulance role

Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-646-5188-17, Flugzeuge Junkers Ju 87

Close Air Support (CAS) is a form of air warfare designed to support ground forces by engaging targets in close proximity to friendly forces. This military tactic requires detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of those forces. CAS is used to assist ground troops in combat, to target enemy armor, fortifications, and other ground targets, often in direct response to the ground troops' requests.

History

The concept of Close Air Support has evolved significantly since its initial use in World War I, where aircraft were first used in direct support roles for ground operations. During World War II, the effectiveness of CAS was greatly improved with the advent of more precise bombing techniques and better coordination between air and ground forces. The Korean War and Vietnam War saw further advancements in CAS tactics and technology, including the use of helicopters. Modern conflicts, such as those in Afghanistan and Iraq, have seen the integration of advanced targeting systems and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in CAS roles.

Tactics and Equipment

CAS missions require precise coordination between the pilots, ground forces, and often, forward air controllers (FACs), who are responsible for directing the air strikes from the ground. The effectiveness of CAS depends on the accuracy of target identification, the timing of the strike, and the types of munitions used. Aircraft used for CAS missions, such as the A-10 Thunderbolt II and the AC-130 Gunship, are often heavily armored and equipped with a variety of weapons, including machine guns, cannons, rockets, and laser-guided bombs.

Challenges

One of the main challenges of CAS is avoiding friendly fire incidents, which can occur due to the close proximity of air strikes to friendly forces. This requires precise communication and coordination between all parties involved. Additionally, the dynamic nature of ground combat means that CAS missions must be able to quickly adapt to changing battlefield conditions.

Modern Developments

In recent years, the use of precision-guided munitions (PGMs) and advanced targeting systems has greatly increased the effectiveness and safety of CAS missions. The development of UAVs has also provided new opportunities for CAS, allowing for more persistent surveillance and the ability to strike targets with reduced risk to pilot and aircraft.

Conclusion

Close Air Support plays a crucial role in modern military operations, providing direct support to ground forces engaged in combat. The evolution of CAS tactics and technology continues to enhance its effectiveness, making it an indispensable tool in achieving battlefield objectives.