Cognitive enhancement

Cognitive enhancement refers to the use of any means to improve cognitive functions among healthy individuals. This includes improvements in memory, attention, executive function, and motivation. Techniques for cognitive enhancement can be pharmacological, such as nootropics and stimulants, or non-pharmacological, including cognitive training, neurofeedback, and physical exercise.

Overview

Cognitive enhancement is pursued by individuals seeking to improve cognitive functions to achieve better performance in academic, professional, or personal activities. The concept is distinct from treatments for cognitive impairment; it focuses on enhancing the cognition of healthy individuals beyond their baseline level.

Pharmacological Enhancements

Pharmacological methods include the use of drugs, supplements, or other substances to improve cognitive function. Common substances include:

• Nootropics: Also known as smart drugs, they are used to enhance memory and other cognitive functions. Examples include Piracetam and Modafinil.
• Stimulants: Such as amphetamines (e.g., Adderall) and methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin), which are often prescribed for ADHD but are also used off-label for cognitive enhancement.

Non-Pharmacological Enhancements

Non-pharmacological methods involve behavioral and technological interventions, such as:

• Cognitive training: Programs or games designed to enhance cognitive abilities, such as memory or problem-solving skills.
• Neurofeedback: A technique that involves feedback on brain activity to modify cognitive functions.
• Physical exercise: Regular physical activity has been shown to improve cognitive functions, particularly executive functions and memory.

Ethical and Social Considerations

The use of cognitive enhancers raises ethical and social issues, including fairness, coercion, and the potential widening of social inequalities. There is also concern about the long-term effects of using pharmacological enhancers.

Regulation and Policy

The regulation of cognitive enhancers varies by country and type of substance. Prescription drugs like Adderall and Ritalin are regulated, but many nootropics fall into a gray area with less oversight.

See Also

• Bioethics
• Human enhancement