Collective action

Collective Action

Collective action refers to the efforts undertaken by a group of individuals to achieve a common objective. This concept is pivotal in understanding how groups, organizations, and societies mobilize resources and coordinate efforts to address shared challenges or pursue mutual goals.

Definition

Collective action occurs when a group of people work together to achieve a common goal. This can involve a wide range of activities, from organizing a protest to forming a cooperative business. The key aspect of collective action is the collaboration and coordination among individuals to achieve outcomes that would be difficult or impossible to accomplish alone.

Theories of Collective Action

Several theories have been developed to explain how and why collective action occurs:

• Rational Choice Theory: This theory suggests that individuals will participate in collective action if the benefits outweigh the costs. It assumes that individuals are rational actors who make decisions based on personal gain.

• Social Identity Theory: This theory posits that individuals are motivated to engage in collective action when they identify strongly with a group. The sense of belonging and shared identity can drive participation.

• Resource Mobilization Theory: This theory focuses on the resources needed for collective action, such as money, labor, and organizational skills. It emphasizes the importance of resource availability and management in successful collective action.

Challenges of Collective Action

Collective action often faces several challenges, including:

• Free Rider Problem: This occurs when individuals benefit from the collective action without contributing to it. It can lead to under-provision of the collective good.

• Coordination Problems: Ensuring that all participants are working towards the same goal and in a coordinated manner can be difficult, especially in large groups.

• Communication Barriers: Effective communication is crucial for collective action, but differences in language, culture, or access to information can hinder this process.

Examples of Collective Action

• Labor Unions: Workers band together to negotiate better wages and working conditions.

• Environmental Movements: Groups organize to advocate for policies and practices that protect the environment.

• Political Campaigns: Volunteers and supporters work together to elect candidates or pass legislation.

Also see

• Public Goods
• Social Movements
• Cooperation
• Game Theory