Deimatic behaviour

Deimatic behaviour is a defensive mechanism used by various animals to deter predators or threats. This term, derived from the Greek word deimos, meaning dread or terror, encompasses a range of actions and physical displays designed to startle or intimidate potential predators, thereby providing the animal with an opportunity to escape. Unlike aposematism, which warns predators of an animal's toxicity or unpalatability through bright colors or patterns, deimatic behaviour is purely a bluff, often with no backing of actual physical harm or toxicity.

Mechanisms of Deimatic Behaviour

Deimatic displays can be visual, auditory, olfactory, or a combination thereof. Visual displays are the most common and may include sudden changes in posture, revealing brightly colored or contrasting body parts, mimicking larger or more dangerous animals, and flashing eyespots. Auditory displays might involve the production of loud, unexpected sounds, while olfactory displays could involve the release of unpleasant odors.

Visual Deimatic Displays

Many insects and cephalopods employ visual deimatic displays. For example, the peacock mantis shrimp can display vivid colors to startle predators, while the moth species in the family Sphingidae can reveal eyespots on their hindwings to mimic the eyes of a predator, such as an owl. The cuttlefish, a master of camouflage, can also produce sudden, striking visual displays to startle predators or competitors.

Auditory Deimatic Displays

Some species use sound as their primary deimatic display. The owl butterfly, for instance, when disturbed, can produce a hissing sound by rubbing its wings together, mimicking the sound of a snake or a large predator rustling through the underbrush.

Olfactory Deimatic Displays

Although less common, some animals use olfactory signals as a form of deimatic behaviour. Certain beetles can release pungent chemicals when threatened, which are not toxic but may deter predators by being unpleasant.

Evolution of Deimatic Behaviour

The evolution of deimatic behaviour is thought to be a result of natural selection, where individuals that could startle or deter predators had a higher chance of survival and reproduction. This behaviour can be seen as part of a broader spectrum of anti-predator adaptations, ranging from camouflage and mimicry to outright aggression.

Examples of Deimatic Behaviour

- The frill-necked lizard expands its frill, displaying bright colors and a larger apparent size to startle predators. - Caterpillars of the genus Hemeroplanes mimic the appearance of venomous snakes when threatened. - The Malaysian orchid mantis displays bright colors that can startle predators and also serve to camouflage it among flowers.

Implications for Predation and Survival

Deimatic behaviour plays a crucial role in the survival strategies of many species. By deterring predators, even momentarily, these animals gain precious time to escape. This behaviour also contributes to the complex dynamics of predator-prey interactions in ecosystems, influencing the evolution of both predator and prey species.

See Also

• Aposematism
• Mimicry
• Camouflage
• Predator-prey interaction