Dhunge dhara

Patan Kathmandu (5085552788)

A folio from Vastu sastra hiti dayeka manuscript, water spout design, Sanskrit language, Newari script - 3

Narayan Hiti

Dhoonge dhara

Central spout, Manga hiti, Patan Durbar Square1

Bhaktapur-Naga Pokhari-10-gje

Dhunge dhara (Nepali: ढुङ्गे धारा), also known as Hiti, is a traditional stone water spout found in Nepal. These ancient water systems are an integral part of the Newar culture and are primarily located in the Kathmandu Valley. Dhunge dharas are known for their intricate carvings and historical significance, serving as a vital source of water for communities for centuries.

History[edit | edit source]

The history of dhunge dharas dates back to the Lichhavi period (c. 400-750 AD). These water spouts were constructed to provide a reliable source of water to the inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley. The construction of dhunge dharas continued through the Malla period and into the modern era. They are often associated with religious and cultural practices, reflecting the Hindu and Buddhist traditions of the region.

Design and Construction[edit | edit source]

Dhunge dharas are typically made from stone and are often elaborately carved with images of deities, animals, and other symbolic motifs. The water spouts are usually connected to an underground water source, such as a spring or aquifer. The water flows through a series of channels and pipes before emerging from the spout. The design of dhunge dharas varies, but they generally consist of a main spout, a basin to collect water, and a drainage system.

Cultural Significance[edit | edit source]

Dhunge dharas hold significant cultural and religious importance in Nepal. They are often located near temples, stupas, and other religious sites. Many dhunge dharas are considered sacred, and rituals and ceremonies are performed at these sites. They also play a crucial role in the social life of the community, serving as gathering places for people to collect water, socialize, and perform daily rituals.

Conservation[edit | edit source]

In recent years, many dhunge dharas have fallen into disrepair due to urbanization, pollution, and neglect. Efforts are being made by various organizations and the government to restore and preserve these historical water systems. Conservation projects often involve cleaning the water channels, repairing the stone structures, and ensuring a sustainable water supply.