Diphtheritic stomatitis

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Diphtheritic stomatitis

Diphtheritic stomatitis is a rare infectious disease characterized by the inflammation of the mucous membranes in the mouth, caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. This condition is a form of diphtheria, which primarily affects the upper respiratory tract but can also manifest in other areas, including the oral cavity.

Etiology

Diphtheritic stomatitis is caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which produces a potent toxin that leads to tissue damage and inflammation. The disease is typically spread through respiratory droplets from an infected person or through contact with contaminated objects.

Pathophysiology

The pathogenesis of diphtheritic stomatitis involves the colonization of the oral mucosa by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The bacteria produce a toxin that inhibits protein synthesis in host cells, leading to cell death and the formation of a pseudomembrane. This pseudomembrane is a hallmark of diphtheritic infections and consists of dead cells, bacteria, and inflammatory exudate.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with diphtheritic stomatitis may present with:

• Sore throat
• Difficulty swallowing
• Fever
• Swollen lymph nodes
• The presence of a thick, grayish pseudomembrane on the oral mucosa, which can bleed if removed

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of diphtheritic stomatitis is based on clinical presentation and laboratory tests. A throat swab or biopsy of the pseudomembrane can be cultured to identify Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme immunoassays can also be used to detect the diphtheria toxin.

Treatment

The primary treatment for diphtheritic stomatitis involves the administration of diphtheria antitoxin to neutralize the toxin. Antibiotics such as penicillin or erythromycin are also used to eradicate the bacterial infection. Supportive care, including pain management and hydration, is essential.

Prevention

Prevention of diphtheritic stomatitis is primarily achieved through vaccination with the diphtheria toxoid vaccine, which is part of the DPT vaccine (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus). Maintaining good hygiene and avoiding contact with infected individuals are also important preventive measures.

Complications

If left untreated, diphtheritic stomatitis can lead to severe complications, including:

• Airway obstruction due to the pseudomembrane
• Myocarditis
• Neuropathy
• Systemic spread of the toxin, leading to multi-organ failure

Related Pages

• Diphtheria
• Corynebacterium diphtheriae
• DPT vaccine
• Penicillin
• Erythromycin