Brain–computer interface

Brain–computer interface (BCI), also known as a brain–machine interface (BMI), is a direct communication pathway between an enhanced or wired brain and an external device. BCIs are often directed at researching, mapping, assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions.

History

The development of BCIs has roots in the early 20th century, but it wasn't until the late 1970s that the first direct communications between a human brain and a computer were established. Since then, advancements in neuroscience and technology have rapidly expanded the capabilities and applications of BCIs.

Types of BCIs

BCIs can be categorized based on their method of signal acquisition: invasive, partially invasive, non-invasive, and synthetic.

• Invasive BCIs involve the implantation of microelectrodes directly into the brain. They provide the highest quality signals but come with a high risk of scar tissue build-up, which can cause the signal to weaken over time.
• Partially invasive BCIs are implanted inside the skull but rest outside the brain rather than amidst the grey matter. They have a lower risk of forming scar tissue than fully invasive BCIs.
• Non-invasive BCIs do not require surgery and typically involve electroencephalography (EEG) to record brain activity externally. While safer and easier to use, they offer lower resolution signals than invasive methods.
• Synthetic BCIs aim to create a direct communication pathway between a brain and an external device without the need for implants or external devices. This area is largely theoretical at present.

Applications

BCIs have a wide range of potential applications, including medical, gaming, and military uses. Medically, they can help individuals with paralysis or other physical disabilities communicate or control prosthetic devices. In gaming, BCIs may offer a new level of immersion and control. Militarily, they could be used to control drones or other technology remotely.

Ethical Considerations

The development and use of BCIs raise several ethical issues, including privacy, consent, and the potential for enhancement beyond normal human capacities. There is ongoing debate about how to address these concerns while promoting innovation and respecting individual rights.

Current Research and Future Directions

Research in the field of BCIs is focused on improving the reliability, accuracy, and usability of these interfaces. Future directions include the development of more sophisticated algorithms for signal processing, the integration of BCIs with artificial intelligence, and the exploration of new applications in various fields.

See Also

• Neuroscience
• Electroencephalography
• Prosthetics
• Artificial Intelligence