Double negative

friar-canterbury-tales

Multiple negation

Jespersen's cycle

Double Negative refers to a grammatical or linguistic construction that uses two forms of negation to express a single negative meaning. This concept is widely observed in various languages around the world, including English, where it often leads to confusion or misinterpretation due to differences in standard and non-standard usage. In some languages, double negatives are a standard form of negation, while in others, such as Standard English, they are considered non-standard or incorrect in formal contexts.

Overview

In linguistics, a double negative occurs when two forms of negation are used in the same sentence. This can take the form of two negative words, such as "not" and "nothing", or a negative word and a negative affix, such as "un-" or "in-". The interpretation of double negatives can vary significantly between different languages and dialects.

Usage in English

In Standard English, double negatives are generally considered grammatically incorrect in formal writing and speech. According to standard grammar rules, two negatives are thought to cancel each other out, leading to a positive statement. For example, the sentence "I don't know nothing" would be interpreted as "I know something" in Standard English. However, in many dialects and varieties of English, particularly in informal contexts, double negatives are used to emphasize the negative meaning rather than negate it.

Double Negatives in Other Languages

In many languages, including Spanish, Russian, and Italian, double negatives are a standard and grammatically correct way to express negation. In these languages, the use of double negatives does not cancel out the negative meaning but instead intensifies it. This linguistic feature is known as negative concord.

Sociolinguistic Perspectives

The use of double negatives is a subject of sociolinguistic interest because it highlights the variation and diversity within languages. It also raises questions about linguistic prescriptivism and descriptivism, as what is considered "correct" in one dialect or language may be "incorrect" in another. The stigmatization of double negatives in certain contexts, particularly in educational settings, can have implications for speakers of dialects that regularly employ this construction.

Examples

- English: "I don't know nothing." (Non-standard in formal contexts) - Spanish: "No sé nada." (Standard) - Russian: "Я ничего не знаю." (Standard)

Conclusion

Double negatives play a complex role in linguistics, straddling the line between grammatical correctness and dialectal variation. Understanding their use requires not only a grasp of specific language rules but also an appreciation for the sociolinguistic dynamics that influence language norms and standards.