Durrani Empire

Given the unique request for two distinct topics, I'll create two separate sections within this response to address each topic individually.

1. Black American Sign Language

Black American Sign Language (BASL) is a dialect of American Sign Language (ASL) used predominantly by African American signers in the United States. The development of BASL can be traced back to the segregation era, where African American deaf students were educated in separate schools from their white peers. This segregation led to the development of a unique sign language dialect that incorporates elements of ASL, African American English, and original signs.

History

The origins of Black American Sign Language can be traced to the 19th century, following the establishment of the first schools for the deaf in the United States. Due to segregation laws, African American deaf children were often denied admission to these schools or were educated in separate facilities. This separation resulted in the development of a distinct sign language dialect, which has been passed down through generations of African American signers.

Characteristics

BASL differs from ASL in several aspects, including phonology, syntax, and lexicon. One notable difference is the use of a larger signing space and more two-handed signs in BASL. Additionally, BASL incorporates aspects of African American English, such as certain grammatical structures and idiomatic expressions.

Recognition and Preservation

In recent years, there has been increased recognition of BASL as a distinct dialect of ASL. Efforts are being made to document and preserve BASL, including research studies and the creation of educational materials. These efforts aim to ensure that BASL is recognized and valued within the broader ASL and deaf communities.

See Also

• American Sign Language
• Deaf culture
• Linguistic discrimination

1. Durrani Empire

The Durrani Empire was a significant state in the 18th century, founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747. At its zenith, the empire extended across what is today Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of northern India. Ahmad Shah Durrani is often hailed as the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan.

History

Ahmad Shah Durrani, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali, was the chief of the Durrani tribe and a former commander in the Persian army. After the death of Nader Shah, the ruler of Persia, Durrani declared independence and established his empire. The Durrani Empire is known for its military campaigns in South Asia, particularly its invasions of India, which led to the establishment of Afghan rule in the region for a brief period.

Administration

The Durrani Empire was organized into a central monarchy, with Ahmad Shah Durrani at its head. The empire was divided into provinces, each governed by a loyal tribal leader. This decentralized system of governance allowed for a degree of autonomy among the different tribes and regions within the empire.

Legacy

The Durrani Empire played a crucial role in shaping the political and cultural landscape of South Asia and Central Asia. It laid the groundwork for the emergence of Afghanistan as a unified nation-state in the 19th century. The empire's decline began in the early 19th century, leading to the eventual rise of the Barakzai dynasty.

See Also

• History of Afghanistan
• Ahmad Shah Durrani
• Barakzai dynasty