Elaeophora

Elaeophora

Elaeophora adult worm

Elaeophora is a genus of parasitic nematodes that primarily infects the arteries of various ungulate species, including deer, elk, and moose. These worms are commonly known as "arterial worms" due to their preference for residing in the arterial system of their hosts. Elaeophora infections can lead to severe health issues and even death in affected animals.

Taxonomy

Elaeophora belongs to the family Onchocercidae within the order Spirurida. The genus includes several species, such as Elaeophora schneideri and Elaeophora boehmi, which are known to infect different ungulate species.

Life Cycle

The life cycle of Elaeophora involves both intermediate and definitive hosts. The intermediate host, typically a blood-feeding insect like a horsefly or deerfly, ingests microfilariae (larval stage) while feeding on an infected ungulate. Inside the insect, the microfilariae develop into infective larvae. When the infected insect bites another ungulate, the larvae are transmitted to the new host, where they migrate to the arterial system and mature into adult worms.

Clinical Signs and Effects

Elaeophora infections can cause significant damage to the arterial walls of the affected ungulates. The adult worms can obstruct blood flow, leading to reduced oxygen supply to various organs and tissues. This can result in symptoms such as weakness, lethargy, weight loss, and even death in severe cases. Additionally, the immune response triggered by the presence of the worms can further contribute to tissue damage.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosing Elaeophora infections in live animals can be challenging. However, post-mortem examinations can reveal the presence of adult worms in the arterial system. Microscopic examination of blood samples may also help detect microfilariae.

Unfortunately, there is no specific treatment available for Elaeophora infections in ungulates. Prevention and control measures primarily focus on reducing the population of the intermediate hosts, such as implementing insect control programs and minimizing exposure to insect-infested areas.

Conservation Implications

Elaeophora infections can have significant implications for the conservation of ungulate populations. In areas where these parasites are prevalent, the health and survival of affected animals can be compromised. Monitoring and managing Elaeophora infections are crucial for maintaining the overall well-being of ungulate populations.

See Also

• Parasitic Nematodes
• Ungulates
• Arterial System