Electrostatic discharge

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Static discharger with plastic guards

ESD Jacket

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Antistatic bag

electrostatic-discharge

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) is the sudden flow of electricity between two electrically charged objects caused by contact, an electrical short, or dielectric breakdown. The term is often used in the electronics and other industries to describe unwanted currents that may cause damage to electronic equipment.

Overview

Electrostatic discharge is a phenomenon that occurs when two objects with different electrical charges come into close proximity or contact. One object has an excess of electrons (negative charge) and the other has a deficit (positive charge). The imbalance of electrical charges can cause a sudden flow of electricity from one object to the other, attempting to neutralize the charge imbalance. This discharge can generate a spark or a corona discharge that is not only visible but can also be a source of ignition in flammable environments.

Causes

ESD can be caused by various factors including human contact with objects, which can generate thousands of volts of electricity. Common causes include walking across a carpet, which can generate up to 35,000 volts, or the simple act of touching a metal doorknob after walking on a carpet. Other sources include synthetic materials, rapid movement of fluids, or particulate matter passing through a filter.

Effects

The effects of ESD can range from minor discomfort to individuals (such as a mild shock) to significant damage to electronic components. In the electronics industry, ESD is a major concern as it can damage or destroy sensitive electronic components during manufacturing, assembly, packaging, or use. Components such as integrated circuits can be damaged by voltages as low as a few hundred volts, which are well below the threshold of human sensitivity.

Prevention

To mitigate the risks associated with ESD, various prevention and protection strategies are employed. These include grounding or providing a path to ground for charged individuals or objects, using antistatic bags or coatings to protect sensitive electronics, and maintaining humidity levels in environments where electronic components are handled. Additionally, personnel may use antistatic wrist straps, heel straps, or conductive shoes to prevent the accumulation of static charges.

Standards and Regulations

Several standards and regulations guide the management and control of ESD in the workplace. Notable standards include the ANSI/ESD S20.20, which provides guidelines for the development of an ESD control program, and the IEC 61340, which offers protection of electronic devices from electrostatic phenomena.

Conclusion

Electrostatic discharge is a significant concern in various industries, particularly in electronics manufacturing and handling. Understanding the causes and effects of ESD, along with implementing effective prevention and protection strategies, is crucial to minimizing damage to electronic components and ensuring the safety of personnel.