Essential medicine

Essential medicines are those drugs considered to be of utmost importance in a health system, ensuring that the population has access to the most effective, safe, and cost-efficient medications needed for a basic healthcare system. The concept of essential medicines is central to global health policy and has been a key focus of the World Health Organization (WHO) since the late 20th century.

Definition

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines essential medicines as those that "satisfy the priority health care needs of the population". These are the medicines that should be available at all times, in the appropriate dosage forms, of assured quality, and at prices that individuals and the community can afford.

Selection Criteria

The selection of essential medicines is based on the disease prevalence in the area, evidence on efficacy and safety, and comparative cost-effectiveness. The medicines included in the list are intended to be available within the context of functioning health systems at all times, in adequate amounts, in the appropriate dosage forms, with assured quality and adequate information, and at a price the individual and the community can afford.

The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines is updated and published every two years by the WHO. This list serves as a guide for the development of national and institutional essential medicine lists, considering the local healthcare needs and priorities. The list categorizes medicines for adults and children, and includes treatments for a wide range of common conditions, from infectious diseases to chronic illnesses.

Impact

The concept of essential medicines has had a significant impact on global health, leading to improved access to life-saving drugs in low- and middle-income countries. It has also influenced drug pricing and procurement policies, encouraging the production of generic medicines and fostering more rational use of drugs.

Challenges

Despite its success, the implementation of essential medicine policies faces several challenges, including financial constraints, supply chain issues, and the need for regular updates to reflect new evidence and emerging health threats. Additionally, the increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases globally requires expanding the list to include medicines for chronic conditions, which are often more expensive.

Conclusion

The essential medicines concept remains a cornerstone of effective healthcare policy, aiming to ensure that all individuals have access to the most important medicines. As global health needs evolve, the list of essential medicines continues to be an important tool for prioritizing healthcare interventions and ensuring that the benefits of modern medicine are equitably shared across populations.