Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), also known as exercise-induced asthma, is a condition characterized by the narrowing of the airways in the lungs during or after physical exertion. It affects a significant number of individuals, particularly those with pre-existing asthma or allergies. This article provides an overview of EIB, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management.

Causes

EIB is primarily caused by the inhalation of dry or cold air during exercise. When individuals with EIB breathe in these conditions, the airways in their lungs become inflamed and constrict, leading to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. The exact mechanism behind this reaction is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve the release of certain chemicals, such as histamine and leukotrienes, which cause the airway muscles to contract.

Symptoms

The symptoms of EIB typically occur within a few minutes of starting exercise and may persist for up to an hour after physical activity has ceased. Common symptoms include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and fatigue. These symptoms can vary in severity, with some individuals experiencing mild discomfort while others may have more severe breathing difficulties.

Diagnosis

To diagnose EIB, healthcare professionals often rely on a combination of medical history, physical examination, and specialized tests. The medical history will typically include questions about the individual's symptoms, their frequency and duration, and any triggers that may worsen the symptoms. Physical examination may reveal signs of wheezing or decreased lung function. Specialized tests, such as spirometry or exercise challenge tests, may be conducted to measure lung function before and after exercise.

Management

The management of EIB involves both preventive measures and treatment options. Preventive measures aim to reduce the likelihood of EIB symptoms occurring during exercise. These may include warming up before physical activity, using a scarf or mask to cover the mouth and nose in cold weather, and avoiding exercise in environments with high levels of allergens or pollutants.

Treatment options for EIB include the use of bronchodilators, which help to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing. Short-acting bronchodilators, such as albuterol, are often used before exercise to prevent symptoms. In some cases, long-acting bronchodilators or anti-inflammatory medications, such as inhaled corticosteroids, may be prescribed for daily use to manage EIB symptoms.

See also

• Asthma
• Allergies
• Spirometry
• Bronchodilators