Eye black

American Football EM 2014 - FIN-SWE -360 (1)

Eye black is a substance applied under the eyes to reduce glare from sunlight or stadium lights. It is commonly used by athletes, particularly in outdoor sports such as American football, baseball, softball, and lacrosse. The material is typically made from a mixture of wax, carbon, and pigment, although commercial versions may use other ingredients to achieve the same effect.

History

The use of eye black dates back to ancient times, where warriors and athletes would smear charcoal or other dark substances under their eyes to reduce sun glare and improve their ability to see long distances. In modern sports, its use became popular in the 20th century, with American football and baseball players adopting the practice to help improve their visual acuity during games.

Types

There are two main types of eye black: the traditional grease or paste and adhesive strips. The grease form is applied directly under the eyes with the fingers or a small applicator. Adhesive strips, on the other hand, are pre-cut and have a matte finish to absorb light. These strips are often preferred for their ease of use and uniform appearance.

Effectiveness

Studies on the effectiveness of eye black have yielded mixed results. Some research suggests that it can help reduce glare and improve contrast sensitivity, allowing athletes to track objects such as flying balls more easily against bright skies or stadium lights. However, other studies have found minimal or no significant improvement in vision or performance. Despite this, many athletes continue to use eye black for its perceived benefits or as part of their game-day ritual.

Cultural Aspects

Beyond its practical use, eye black has taken on cultural significance in sports. Players often customize their eye black with messages, numbers, or symbols, using it as a means of personal expression or to pay tribute to individuals or causes. This practice, however, is regulated by sports leagues and organizations, which may have rules regarding what can be displayed on eye black during official games.

Controversies

The customization of eye black has led to controversies, particularly when messages or symbols are deemed inappropriate or offensive. Sports organizations have had to balance athletes' freedom of expression with the need to maintain sportsmanship and respect among players and fans.

Conclusion

While the scientific consensus on the effectiveness of eye black in enhancing athletic performance is mixed, its use remains a deeply ingrained part of sports culture. Whether for practical, aesthetic, or ritualistic reasons, eye black continues to be a common sight in many outdoor sports.