Fairy ring

Fairy ring on a suburban lawn 100 1851

FairyRingSchoolField

cmglee Cambridge Trinity College Great Court fairy ring

Hexenring Nebelgrauer Trichterling

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Clitocybe nebularis group

Fairy ring, also known as fairy circle, elf circle, elf ring or pixie ring, is a naturally occurring ring or arc of mushrooms. The rings, found in forest and grassland, may grow to over 10 meters (33 ft) in diameter, and they become stable over time. Fairy rings are the subject of much folklore and myth worldwide—chiefly in Europe, but also in other cultures—where they are often seen as hazardous or enchanted places.

Formation

Fairy rings are formed by a single type of fungus growing underground. As the fungus grows outward in all directions from a central point, it depletes the soil of nutrients, thus the mushrooms that pop up at the edge of the mycelium's reach are the most visible indicator of the fungus itself. Over time, the center of the ring becomes barren, and only the outer ring of growth remains, thus forming the characteristic circle.

Types

There are three types of fairy rings classified by their effects on the grass. Type I rings kill the grass, leaving a bare circle. Type II rings stimulate the growth of grass, creating a lush ring. Type III rings have no effect on the grass but are visible by the ring of mushrooms.

Ecology

Fairy rings are an important part of ecosystem dynamics in the areas where they grow. They can affect the distribution of plants and animals in their vicinity due to the changes they cause in soil composition and nutrient levels. Some species of fairy ring fungi are saprotrophic, decomposing dead organic material, while others are ectomycorrhizal, forming symbiotic relationships with plant roots.

Cultural Significance

Throughout history, fairy rings have been the subject of folklore and myths in various cultures. In European folklore, they are often said to be the paths or gateways to the elves' or fairies' realms, and entering a fairy ring could result in the traveler being transported to the fairy realm or losing track of time. Other stories suggest that fairy rings are the result of fairies or elves dancing in a circle, leaving the ring behind as a footprint of their dance.

Scientific Study

The scientific study of fairy rings contributes to the understanding of fungal ecology and the role of fungi in nutrient cycling. Research into the genetic makeup and growth patterns of fairy ring fungi helps in the management of green spaces and conservation of ecosystems where these fungi are found.

In Popular Culture

Fairy rings have inspired numerous works of art, literature, and music, embodying the mystery and magic often associated with these natural phenomena. They appear in stories and folklore as magical places of danger or enchantment, often serving as portals to other worlds or as significant elements in the narrative.