Female genital mutilation in Sudan

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Sudan is a deeply entrenched cultural practice with significant health, psychological, and social implications for women and girls. This article provides an overview of the prevalence, types, legal status, and efforts to combat FGM in Sudan.

Prevalence

Female Genital Mutilation is widespread in Sudan, with a high prevalence rate among women of various ages. The practice is deeply rooted in tradition, social norms, and cultural beliefs that vary across different regions and ethnic groups within the country. It is performed as a rite of passage, a prerequisite for marriage, and is often associated with notions of purity, modesty, and beauty.

Types of FGM

FGM in Sudan is categorized into different types, consistent with the World Health Organization's classification:

• Type I (Clitoridectomy) - partial or total removal of the clitoris and/or the prepuce.
• Type II (Excision) - partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora.
• Type III (Infibulation) - narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal, formed by cutting and repositioning the labia minora or labia majora, with or without removal of the clitoris. This type is also known as "Pharaonic Circumcision" and is the most severe form, prevalent in Sudan.
• Type IV - all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, e.g., pricking, piercing, incising, scraping, and cauterization.

Legal Status and Government Efforts

The Sudanese government has taken steps to outlaw FGM. Legislation banning FGM in Sudan was passed, marking a significant milestone in the fight against this practice. The law criminalizes performing FGM on girls and women, imposing penalties on those who carry out the procedure. Despite legal restrictions, enforcement remains a challenge, and FGM continues to be practiced in many parts of the country, often in clandestine settings.

Cultural and Social Factors

The persistence of FGM in Sudan can be attributed to various cultural, social, and sometimes economic factors. It is often seen as a prerequisite for marriage, linked to family honor, and considered a way to ensure a girl's virginity and fidelity. Social pressure, fear of stigmatization, and the desire to adhere to community traditions play a significant role in the continuation of this practice.

Health Risks

FGM poses severe health risks to women and girls, including acute complications such as severe pain, bleeding, and infection. Long-term consequences can include urinary and menstrual problems, increased risk of childbirth complications, and psychological effects such as trauma and anxiety.

Efforts to Combat FGM

Efforts to combat FGM in Sudan include awareness-raising campaigns, education programs targeting communities, religious leaders, and healthcare providers, and the promotion of alternative rites of passage. International and local NGOs, in collaboration with the Sudanese government, are working to eradicate FGM through advocacy, community engagement, and support for legislative enforcement.

Conclusion

FGM in Sudan is a complex issue influenced by cultural, social, and religious factors. While significant strides have been made in legal frameworks and awareness campaigns, the practice remains prevalent. Continued efforts are necessary to change societal norms, enforce laws effectively, and provide support and education to communities to eliminate FGM in Sudan.