Female genital mutilation in the United Kingdom

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Female Genital Mutilation in the United Kingdom (FGM) refers to the ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons, a practice that has been internationally recognized as a violation of the human rights of girls and women. It is prevalent in some African, Asian, and Middle Eastern countries but also occurs in the United Kingdom, primarily within immigrant and diaspora communities from countries where FGM is practiced.

Prevalence

The exact number of girls and women living in the UK who have undergone FGM is difficult to determine due to the hidden nature of the crime. However, it is estimated that tens of thousands of women residing in the UK have been subjected to FGM, with many more girls at risk.

Legislation

The UK has enacted specific legislation to combat FGM. The Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985 was the first law to criminalize FGM in the UK. It was replaced by the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003, which made it an offence to perform FGM within or outside the UK on a UK national or permanent resident. The Serious Crime Act 2015 further strengthened this legislation by providing for anonymity for victims of FGM, creating a mandatory reporting duty for professionals in health and social care and education to report known cases of FGM in under 18s to the police, and introducing FGM Protection Orders.

Health Implications

FGM has no health benefits and can cause severe bleeding, problems urinating, cysts, infections, infertility, complications in childbirth, and increased risk of newborn deaths, among other health issues.

Cultural Context and Challenges

The practice of FGM is deeply rooted in the cultures and traditions of the communities that practice it, often linked to notions of purity, modesty, and eligibility for marriage. This cultural context presents significant challenges to eradication efforts in the UK, as those subjected to FGM or those who support the practice may not view it as a form of abuse.

Efforts to Combat FGM

The UK government, along with various NGOs and community organizations, has been actively working to combat FGM. This includes awareness campaigns, education programs aimed at both potential victims and practitioners, and support services for survivors. The NHS also provides specialist services for women affected by FGM.

International Context

FGM is recognized internationally as a violation of the human rights of girls and women. It reflects deep-rooted inequality between the sexes and constitutes an extreme form of discrimination against women. The practice is banned in many countries around the world.

See Also

• Violence against women
• Human rights in the United Kingdom
• Child protection
• Women's health in the United Kingdom

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