Female genital mutilation in the United Kingdom

Overview of female genital mutilation in the UK

Efua Dorkenoo, a prominent campaigner against FGM

Female genital mutilation (FGM) in the United Kingdom refers to the practice of FGM within the UK, as well as the legal and social measures taken to prevent it. FGM is recognized internationally as a violation of the human rights of girls and women. It reflects deep-rooted inequality between the sexes and constitutes an extreme form of discrimination against women. The practice is mostly carried out on young girls between infancy and age 15.

Legal framework

The UK has implemented several laws to combat FGM. The Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985 was the first legislation to make FGM illegal in the UK. This was replaced by the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003, which extended the legislation to cover acts committed by UK nationals or permanent UK residents overseas. The Act also increased the maximum penalty for FGM to 14 years in prison.

In 2015, the Serious Crime Act 2015 introduced several new measures, including FGM Protection Orders, which can be used to protect potential victims. The Act also introduced a mandatory reporting duty for professionals to report known cases of FGM in under-18s to the police.

Prevalence and demographics

Global prevalence of FGM among women aged 15–49 (2014)

FGM is most prevalent in certain communities within the UK, particularly among immigrants from countries where FGM is common, such as Somalia, Sudan, and Eritrea. It is estimated that tens of thousands of women and girls in the UK have undergone FGM, although precise figures are difficult to obtain due to the hidden nature of the practice.

Government and community response

The UK government has taken a multi-faceted approach to combat FGM, involving legal, educational, and community-based strategies. The Home Office and the Department of Health and Social Care have been involved in raising awareness and providing support to affected communities.

Community organizations and NGOs play a crucial role in the fight against FGM. Groups such as FORWARD (Foundation for Women's Health Research and Development) and the National FGM Centre work to educate communities, support survivors, and advocate for policy changes.

Challenges and criticisms

Despite legal measures, there have been very few successful prosecutions for FGM in the UK. This has led to criticism of the effectiveness of the legal framework and the challenges in gathering evidence and securing convictions. Cultural sensitivity and the fear of stigmatizing communities have also been cited as barriers to effective enforcement.

Education and awareness

Education is a key component in the fight against FGM. Schools, healthcare providers, and community leaders are encouraged to educate young people and families about the risks and legal implications of FGM. Training for professionals in recognizing and responding to FGM is also a priority.

Related pages

• Human rights in the United Kingdom
• Violence against women in the United Kingdom
• Child protection in the United Kingdom