Fetal hemoglobin

Fetal Hemoglobin (HbF)

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF or α2γ2) is the primary oxygen transport protein in the human fetus. It plays a crucial role in the prenatal development by facilitating the transfer of oxygen from the mother to the developing fetus.

A molecular model of Fetal Hemoglobin

Background

Hemoglobin F is a unique form of hemoglobin distinct from the adult variants. It is predominantly found in the red blood cells of the fetus and has a specialized role in fetal development.

Composition and Structure

• Composed of two alpha (α) and two gamma (γ) globin chains.
• This composition differs from adult hemoglobin, which typically consists of two alpha and two beta (β) globin chains.
• The unique structure of HbF enables it to have a higher affinity for oxygen compared to adult hemoglobin forms.

Production and Lifespan

• HbF synthesis begins around the 6th week of pregnancy.
• Its levels remain high after birth and gradually decrease as the baby's body starts producing more adult hemoglobin forms.
• The transition from fetal to adult hemoglobin typically completes when the baby is about 2 to 4 months old.

Function and Importance

• HbF plays a vital role in transporting oxygen from the mother's bloodstream to the fetus.
• The high affinity for oxygen allows HbF to effectively extract oxygen from the maternal blood across the placenta.
• This efficient oxygen binding is crucial for the growth and development of the fetus.

Clinical Significance

• The presence of HbF in adults can be an indicator of certain health conditions, including some forms of anemia and genetic disorders like thalassemia.
• The study of HbF has also been significant in understanding and treating sickle cell disease, as higher levels of HbF can reduce the severity of this condition.

External Links

• National Center for Biotechnology Information: Fetal Hemoglobin
• Genetics Home Reference: Sickle Cell Disease

Fetal hemoglobin Resources
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