Field artillery

French Battery 1805

Gun-squad-at-drill

US Army WWII field artillery

Ming Dynasty field artillery cannon

American-Artillery-Crew

Field Artillery refers to a category of mobile artillery used to support armies in the field. These weapons are designed to be moved easily from one position to another, in contrast to fortress artillery, which is designed for fixed positions. Field artillery has played a critical role in military history, evolving from simple cannons to sophisticated guided missile systems.

History

The use of field artillery dates back to the early 14th century, with the development of the cannon. Initially, these were small and relatively mobile pieces that could be used to support armies directly on the battlefield. As technology advanced, so did the size, range, and power of field artillery pieces. The Napoleonic Wars saw significant advancements in artillery tactics and technology, making artillery a crucial component of warfare. The American Civil War further demonstrated the effectiveness of artillery, with innovations in rifled barrels and explosive shells. The 20th century saw the introduction of howitzers, mortars, and rocket artillery, with field artillery becoming increasingly sophisticated with the advent of computerized fire control systems.

Types of Field Artillery

Field artillery can be classified into several types based on the kind of projectile, the method of firing, and the intended use. The main types include:

• Cannons and Guns: These are long-barreled weapons that fire projectiles at high velocities, primarily used for direct fire or high-angle fire.
• Howitzers: Shorter-barreled than cannons, howitzers are capable of both high-angle and direct fire, making them versatile for various ranges and roles.
• Mortars: Short-barreled weapons that fire projectiles at a high angle, used for lobbing shells at enemy positions that are protected or at a higher elevation.
• Rocket Artillery: Utilizes rockets instead of gunpowder to propel projectiles. These systems can deliver a large volume of fire over a wide area and are highly mobile.

Roles and Functions

The primary role of field artillery is to provide indirect fire support to infantry and armored units on the battlefield. This includes:

• Suppressing Enemy Forces: Preventing the enemy from moving, shooting, or observing.
• Destroying Fortifications: Targeting enemy bunkers, trenches, and defensive positions.
• Counter-battery Fire: Neutralizing or suppressing enemy artillery.
• Interdiction: Preventing the enemy from receiving supplies and reinforcements.
• Supporting Infantry Advances: Providing covering fire to facilitate the movement of friendly troops.

Modern Field Artillery

Today, field artillery units are equipped with advanced technology that enhances their accuracy, mobility, and effectiveness. This includes GPS for navigation and targeting, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for reconnaissance, and automated fire control systems. Precision-guided munitions have also become commonplace, allowing for highly accurate strikes with reduced collateral damage.

Training and Organization

Field artillery units are an integral part of modern armed forces. Personnel are trained in the operation, maintenance, and tactics of artillery systems. This training includes ballistics, meteorology, and the use of targeting software. Artillery units are typically organized into batteries, which are then grouped into battalions or regiments.

Conclusion

Field artillery remains a vital component of military strategy and tactics. Its evolution from simple cannons to advanced rocket systems reflects the ongoing innovation in military technology. As warfare continues to evolve, so too will the capabilities and roles of field artillery.