Financial intermediary

Bank of England Mc Leavy et al. (2014) Banks Money Creation Balance Sheets (failed in consistent description)

Financial intermediaries are institutions that serve as middlemen in the financial markets, connecting savers and borrowers by accepting funds from savers and lending them to borrowers. They play a crucial role in the efficient allocation of resources in the economy, facilitating the flow of funds and allowing for a more efficient distribution of risk.

Types of Financial Intermediaries

There are several types of financial intermediaries, each serving different roles within the financial system:

• Banks: These are the most common type of financial intermediaries, accepting deposits from savers and providing loans to borrowers. They offer a range of services including checking accounts, savings accounts, mortgages, and personal loans.

• Credit Unions: Similar to banks, credit unions accept deposits and provide loans. However, they are cooperative institutions owned and operated by their members, with profits returned to members in the form of reduced fees and higher savings rates.

• Insurance Companies: These entities collect premiums from policyholders and provide them with protection against financial losses from specified risks. They invest the premiums to create a pool of funds to pay out claims.

• Pension Funds: Pension funds collect and invest contributions from employees and/or employers to provide retirement benefits to participants. They are significant investors in stocks, bonds, and real estate.

• Investment Banks: Investment banks specialize in helping companies and governments issue securities, provide advisory services for mergers and acquisitions, and engage in securities trading and asset management.

• Mutual Funds: These funds pool money from many investors to purchase a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other securities. They offer investors the benefits of diversification and professional management.

Functions of Financial Intermediaries

Financial intermediaries perform several important functions in the economy:

• Risk Transformation: They transform the risk characteristics of financial assets. By pooling and diversifying their investments, they can reduce the risk to individual investors.

• Maturity Transformation: They borrow short-term funds from savers to lend long-term loans to borrowers, thus transforming the maturity profiles of financial assets.

• Liquidity Transformation: They provide liquidity to savers by allowing them to withdraw or transfer funds on demand, while investing in less liquid assets.

• Information Processing: They reduce the costs of gathering and processing information about potential investments and borrowers, thus facilitating the allocation of capital.

Challenges and Risks

Financial intermediaries face various challenges and risks, such as credit risk, market risk, and operational risk. They are also subject to regulatory oversight to ensure their stability and protect the interests of savers and borrowers.

Regulation

Financial intermediaries are regulated by government agencies to ensure their soundness and integrity. Regulation focuses on protecting consumers, maintaining financial stability, and preventing financial crimes.

Conclusion

Financial intermediaries are vital components of the financial system, providing essential services that facilitate the flow of funds between savers and borrowers. They help to make the financial markets more efficient and contribute to economic growth.