Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox cofactor involved in several important metabolic reactions. It is a molecule that is synthesized from riboflavin (vitamin B2) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Structure

FAD consists of two major portions: the adenine and flavin moieties. The adenine portion is composed of a nitrogenous base attached to a five-carbon sugar, ribose, which is further connected to a chain of three phosphate groups. The flavin portion is a ring structure known as isoalloxazine, which is attached to the ribityl part of the molecule.

Function

FAD is a crucial component in oxidation-reduction reactions. It acts as a hydrogen acceptor in dehydrogenation reactions, becoming reduced to FADH2. This reduced form can then donate these hydrogen atoms in subsequent reactions, returning to its oxidized state.

Role in Metabolic Pathways

FAD is involved in several metabolic pathways, including:

• Krebs cycle: FAD is a key player in the Krebs cycle, where it is reduced to FADH2 in the succinate dehydrogenase reaction.
• Beta oxidation: In the process of beta oxidation, FAD is reduced to FADH2 during the oxidation of fatty acids.
• Electron transport chain: FADH2 donates its electrons to the electron transport chain, contributing to the production of ATP.

Deficiency

A deficiency in FAD can lead to a variety of health problems, including dermatitis, glossitis, and neurological symptoms. This is often due to a deficiency in dietary riboflavin, as the body cannot synthesize FAD without this vitamin.

See Also

• Riboflavin
• Adenosine triphosphate
• Metabolism
• Krebs cycle
• Beta oxidation
• Electron transport chain

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