Flippase

Flippase is an essential enzyme that plays a critical role in the cell membrane's lipid bilayer by facilitating the movement of phospholipids between the two layers of the membrane. This process, known as lipid flipping or translocation, is crucial for maintaining the asymmetric distribution of lipids in the cell membrane, which is important for various cellular functions including membrane fluidity, curvature, and the initiation of signaling pathways.

Flippases are part of a larger family of enzymes called phospholipid translocators, which also includes floppases and scramblases. Each of these enzymes has a distinct role in the movement of phospholipids across the cell membrane. Flippases specifically catalyze the movement of phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of the membrane, using ATP as an energy source, thus they are also referred to as ATP-dependent phospholipid translocators.

The activity of flippase is vital for several physiological processes, including the maintenance of membrane asymmetry, which is crucial for cell survival and function. Membrane asymmetry is important for the activation of coagulation factors in blood clotting, the recognition and removal of apoptotic cells, and the functioning of certain membrane proteins. Additionally, flippase activity is involved in the process of vesicle formation during vesicular transport, which is essential for the transport of molecules inside the cell.

Mutations or dysregulation of flippase enzymes can lead to various diseases, including Scott syndrome, a rare bleeding disorder characterized by impaired blood clotting due to defects in membrane phospholipid asymmetry. Research into flippase and its functions continues to be an important area in cell biology, with potential implications for understanding and treating various diseases.

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  Structure of Flippase PglK

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  Lateral and transverse movements of lipid

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  Classes of lipid transporters

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  Domains of Flippase

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  Flippase mechanism