Focale

018 Conrad Cichorius, Die Reliefs der Traianss%C3%A4ule, Tafel XVIII

Focale is a term that refers to a piece of Roman clothing, specifically a type of scarf or neckband worn by ancient Roman soldiers. This garment was primarily used for comfort and protection. The focale was wrapped around the neck and could be tucked into the armor to prevent chafing from the soldier's heavy metal armor and to absorb sweat, enhancing the wearer's comfort during long marches or in battle. Its use was practical rather than decorative, highlighting the Romans' pragmatic approach to military attire.

History and Usage

The focale's origins are not well-documented, but it is believed to have been a common accessory among Roman legionaries, especially during the Republic and early Empire periods. The Roman military was known for its rigorous discipline and the heavy load of equipment each soldier had to carry, including weapons, shields, and armor. The focale served as a simple yet effective solution to reduce the discomfort caused by the constant wear of such equipment.

Material and Design

Typically, the focale was made from wool or linen, materials that were readily available in the Roman Empire and known for their durability and absorbency. The choice of material also provided insulation against both cold and hot weather, making the focale a versatile piece of clothing suitable for various climates encountered across the vast Roman territories.

The design of the focale was relatively straightforward, consisting of a strip of fabric that could be wrapped several times around the neck. The length and width could vary, but it was long enough to allow for multiple layers for added protection and comfort.

Cultural Significance

While primarily utilitarian, the focale also carried a certain cultural significance. It was a symbol of the Roman soldier's identity and resilience, representing their readiness to endure the hardships of military life. The focale, along with other pieces of the Roman military uniform, such as the tunic, caligae (military boots), and galea (helmet), contributed to the distinctive appearance of the Roman legionary and served to distinguish him from civilians and soldiers of other cultures.

Modern Interpretations

Today, the focale is of interest to historians, reenactors, and enthusiasts of Roman military history. It is often included in the attire of historical reenactments and educational programs to provide an accurate representation of Roman military dress. Additionally, the focale's practicality and simplicity have inspired modern fashion and functional wear, particularly in designs intended for outdoor activities and sports where comfort and protection against equipment wear are paramount.

See Also

• Roman military clothing
• Roman Empire
• Legionary
• Military of ancient Rome