Four temperaments

Four Temperaments is a theory of psychology that suggests that there are four fundamental personality types: Sanguine, Choleric, Melancholic, and Phlegmatic. This theory originates from the ancient Greek medical theory of humorism, which posited that human behaviors and emotions are governed by an excess or lack of body fluids (the four humors): blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. The concept of the Four Temperaments has been influential throughout history in the development of psychological theories, personality assessments, and even in literature and art.

History

The idea of the Four Temperaments is attributed to the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, who is often referred to as the "father of medicine." Hippocrates believed that the four humors in the human body (blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm) directly influenced a person's health and character. This theory was further developed by Galen, a prominent Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher in the Roman Empire, who associated each of the four humors with a specific temperament:

• Blood - Sanguine
• Yellow bile - Choleric
• Black bile - Melancholic
• Phlegm - Phlegmatic

Characteristics of the Four Temperaments

Each of the Four Temperaments is associated with specific personality traits and behaviors:

Sanguine

The Sanguine temperament is linked to the humor of blood and is characterized by a cheerful, active, and social personality. Individuals with a sanguine temperament are typically optimistic, outgoing, and have high levels of energy.

Choleric

Associated with yellow bile, the Choleric temperament is characterized by ambition, leadership qualities, and a tendency towards being goal-oriented and decisive. Choleric individuals are often assertive and may be perceived as aggressive or domineering.

Melancholic

The Melancholic temperament, linked to black bile, is characterized by a thoughtful, considerate, and often introspective personality. Individuals with a melancholic temperament may be creative, sensitive, and prone to periods of reflection and melancholy.

Phlegmatic

Associated with phlegm, the Phlegmatic temperament is characterized by a calm, reliable, and thoughtful personality. Phlegmatic individuals are often seen as steady, consistent, and resistant to change.

Modern Interpretations

While the theory of the Four Temperaments has its roots in pre-scientific medicine, its influence can still be seen in modern personality theories and typologies. Contemporary psychology has largely moved away from humorism and the direct association of personality types with bodily fluids. However, the basic concepts of the Four Temperaments are echoed in some modern personality assessments, such as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the Keirsey Temperament Sorter.

Criticism and Controversy

The Four Temperaments theory has faced criticism for its lack of empirical evidence and scientific validity. Critics argue that the theory oversimplifies human behavior and personality into overly broad categories that do not account for the complexity and variability of individual personalities.

Conclusion

Despite its historical significance and influence on the development of psychological and personality theories, the Four Temperaments theory is considered outdated by modern scientific standards. However, it remains a topic of interest in the study of the history of psychology and personality theory.