Francis turbine

Francis Turbine inlet scroll Grand Coulee Dam

M vs francis schnitt 1 zoom

Francis turbine parts retouched

Pawtucket Gatehouse; southwest and southeast sides; Lowell, MA; 2012-05-19

Francis Runner grandcoulee

Francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by James B. Francis in Lowell, Massachusetts in 1849. It is an inward-flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today, especially for medium-head and high-head hydroelectric plants. They are used for a wide range of heads, from a few meters to several hundred meters, and are capable of handling flow rates from about 10 to 700 cubic meters per second. The efficiency of a Francis turbine typically ranges from 90% to 95%.

Design and Operation

The design of a Francis turbine allows it to operate efficiently over a wide range of flow conditions. The main components of a Francis turbine include the spiral casing, the guide vanes, the runner, the draft tube, and the tailrace. Water enters the turbine through the spiral casing, which evenly distributes the flow into the guide vanes. The guide vanes direct the water flow onto the runner blades with minimal shock and the correct angle to optimize efficiency. The water then passes through the runner, exiting into the draft tube where it decelerates and recovers pressure, thereby increasing the overall efficiency of the turbine.

Applications

Francis turbines are versatile and can be used in various applications, including hydroelectric power plants, pumped storage, and irrigation systems. They are particularly well-suited for plants with medium to high head and are capable of generating a significant amount of power, up to hundreds of megawatts.

Advantages and Disadvantages

The main advantages of Francis turbines include their high efficiency, wide range of operating conditions, and reliability. They are also relatively compact and have a lower cost of installation compared to other turbine types. However, they can be susceptible to cavitation if operated under conditions significantly different from those they were designed for. Maintenance and repair can also be complex due to the intricate design of the runner and the guide vanes.

Environmental Impact

Like all hydroelectric power generation, Francis turbines have an environmental impact, including potential effects on river ecosystems and fish populations. However, they are considered a source of renewable energy and produce electricity without emitting greenhouse gases, contributing to efforts to combat climate change.

Future Developments

Ongoing research and development in the field of Francis turbines focus on improving efficiency, reducing cavitation, and minimizing environmental impacts. Advances in materials science and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are leading to the design of more efficient and durable turbines.