Frangula alnus

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Frangula alnus, commonly known as the Alder Buckthorn, is a species of shrub in the family Rhamnaceae. It is native to Europe, northernmost Africa, and western Asia. From its historical use in medicine to its current recognition for its ecological importance, Frangula alnus plays a significant role in various aspects of both human and natural worlds.

Description

Frangula alnus is a deciduous shrub or small tree that grows to 3-6 meters in height. Its leaves are simple, 3-7 cm long, and arranged alternately on the stems. The leaves are obovate with a serrated margin. The flowers are small, hermaphroditic, and star-shaped, usually with five greenish-white petals. They bloom in late spring to early summer. The fruit is a small, red berry that turns black upon maturity, containing two to three seeds.

Habitat and Distribution

Frangula alnus prefers wet, fertile soils and is commonly found in woodlands, scrub areas, and along riverbanks. Its native range extends from Europe across western Asia to the Caucasus and northern Africa. Due to its adaptability, it has been introduced to North America, where it is considered an invasive species in some regions.

Ecology

The Alder Buckthorn is an important plant for various species of butterflies and moths, serving as a host plant for their larvae. It also provides food for birds and mammals in the form of its fruit. The shrub plays a crucial role in wetland ecosystems, contributing to the stabilization of soil and water purification.

Uses

Historically, Frangula alnus was used for medicinal purposes. Its bark, containing anthraquinones, acts as a laxative when processed. However, raw bark can be toxic and must be aged or heat-treated before use. Today, it is mainly valued for its ecological benefits and ornamental qualities in landscape gardening.

Conservation

While Frangula alnus is not currently listed as endangered, its populations are affected by habitat loss and the spread of invasive species. Conservation efforts focus on preserving its natural habitats and controlling its spread in areas where it is considered invasive.

See Also

• Rhamnaceae
• Invasive species
• Ecology of butterflies