Freak shows

Freak Shows

Freak shows were exhibitions of biological rarities, referred to as "freaks of nature." These shows were a popular form of entertainment in the United States and Europe during the 19th and early 20th centuries. They often featured individuals with physical deformities, unusual abilities, or exotic appearances.

History

Freak shows have a long history, dating back to the 16th century. They became particularly popular in the 19th century with the rise of P.T. Barnum, who is often credited with popularizing the format in America. Barnum's American Museum in New York City was a famous venue for such exhibitions.

19th Century

During the 19th century, freak shows were a major attraction at circuses, fairs, and carnivals. They were often advertised with sensational posters and handbills, promising the public a glimpse of the "strange" and "unusual." Some of the most famous performers included Joseph Merrick, known as the "Elephant Man," and Chang and Eng Bunker, the original "Siamese Twins."

20th Century Decline

The popularity of freak shows began to decline in the early 20th century due to changing public attitudes and increased awareness of the ethical implications of such exhibitions. The rise of the disability rights movement and changes in medical understanding also contributed to their decline.

Notable Performers

• Joseph Merrick: Known as the "Elephant Man," Merrick suffered from severe deformities and was exhibited in freak shows in the UK before being taken in by the London Hospital.
• Chang and Eng Bunker: Conjoined twins from Siam (now Thailand), they were exhibited around the world and became wealthy from their performances.
• Tom Thumb: Real name Charles Stratton, he was a dwarf who became a major attraction under the management of P.T. Barnum.

Ethical Considerations

Freak shows have been criticized for exploiting individuals with disabilities and deformities. The performers were often treated as objects of curiosity rather than as human beings. Modern perspectives emphasize the importance of dignity and respect for all individuals, regardless of physical appearance.

Legacy

While freak shows are largely a thing of the past, their legacy can be seen in modern media and entertainment. Films, television shows, and books continue to explore themes related to human difference and the ethics of spectacle.

See Also

• P.T. Barnum
• Disability rights movement
• Circus

References

• Bogdan, Robert. Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit. University of Chicago Press, 1988.
• Fiedler, Leslie. Freaks: Myths and Images of the Secret Self. Simon & Schuster, 1978.