Free-radical

Free radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons on an otherwise open shell configuration. These unpaired electrons are usually highly reactive, so radicals are likely to take part in chemical reactions. Radicals play key roles in combustion, atmospheric chemistry, polymerization, plasma chemistry, biochemistry, and many other chemical processes, including human physiology.

Formation

Free radicals can be formed in a number of ways, but common methods include oxidation reactions and ionizing radiation. In living organisms, the oxidative stress caused by free radicals can result in cell damage and is implicated in the aging process and various diseases.

Types

There are several types of free radicals, based on the atom or molecule from which they originate. Some common types include hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals, and nitric oxide radicals.

Effects on Human Health

Free radicals can have both beneficial and harmful effects on human health. They play a role in a number of biological processes, some of which are necessary for life, such as the intracellular killing of bacteria by neutrophil granulocytes. However, they can also cause damage to cells and tissues, leading to various diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Antioxidants

Antioxidants are substances that can prevent or slow damage to cells caused by free radicals. They work by donating an electron to the free radical, neutralizing it and preventing it from causing cellular damage.

See Also

• Reactive oxygen species
• Reactive nitrogen species
• Oxidative stress
• Antioxidants

Free-radical Resources
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