Generic top-level domain

Generic top-level domains (gTLDs) are one of the categories of top-level domains (TLDs) maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for use in the Domain Name System of the Internet. A top-level domain is the last segment of the domain name – the part that follows immediately after the "dot" symbol. The management of these domains is delegated to ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers), which oversees the global domain name system.

History

The concept of gTLDs was introduced in the late 1980s as part of the expansion of the domain name system. Initially, there were a limited number of gTLDs, including .com, .org, .net, .edu, .gov, .mil, and .int. These early gTLDs were intended to represent specific types of organizations or groups. Over time, the number of gTLDs has significantly increased, especially with the introduction of the New gTLD Program by ICANN, which allowed for the creation of many new gTLDs based on brands, communities, and generic terms.

Classification

gTLDs can be broadly classified into two categories: sponsored top-level domains (sTLDs) and unsponsored top-level domains. sTLDs are specialized gTLDs that have a sponsor representing a specific community served by the domain. Unsponsored gTLDs, on the other hand, operate under policies established by ICANN and do not have a sponsoring organization.

New gTLD Program

The New gTLD Program, initiated by ICANN, has led to a significant expansion in the number of available gTLDs. This program was designed to increase competition and choice in the domain name market while enhancing the diversity of the Internet's cultural, geographic, and linguistic makeup. The application process for new gTLDs involves a rigorous evaluation that includes background checks, technical and financial assessments, and a public comment period.

Technical Aspects

Each gTLD is operated by a domain name registry, which is responsible for maintaining the registry of domain names within that gTLD. The registry must work with domain name registrars, accredited by ICANN, to provide registration services to the public. Domain names are leased to individuals or organizations, who are then known as the domain name registrants.

Controversies and Issues

The expansion of gTLDs has not been without controversy. Issues such as cybersquatting, trademark infringement, and the potential for increased Internet fraud have been raised. Additionally, the cost and complexity of applying for a new gTLD have been criticized for favoring large corporations over smaller entities and communities.

Future of gTLDs

The future of gTLDs is likely to involve further expansion and diversification. As the Internet continues to grow and evolve, the demand for more descriptive and memorable domain names will increase. This could lead to the introduction of more gTLDs, including those representing new technologies, cultural movements, and global communities.

See Also

• Domain Name System
• ICANN
• Top-level domain
• Cybersquatting