Geography of Madeira

The Geography of Madeira involves the study of the physical features, climate, and biodiversity of the Madeira archipelago, an autonomous region of Portugal located in the North Atlantic Ocean. The archipelago is composed of the main island of Madeira, the smaller Porto Santo, and two groups of uninhabited islands: the Desertas and Selvagens.

Location and Topography

Madeira is situated approximately 700 km west of the Moroccan coast and 400 km north of the Canary Islands. This strategic location has historically made it an important stopover for European navigation. The archipelago is volcanic in origin, characterized by rugged terrain and high cliffs. The highest point is Pico Ruivo, which reaches an elevation of 1,862 meters above sea level, making it one of the highest points in Portugal.

Climate

The climate of Madeira is classified as a subtropical Mediterranean climate, influenced by its latitude and the surrounding ocean. The region experiences mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers. The ocean moderates temperature fluctuations, which helps to maintain a consistent climate year-round.

Flora and Fauna

Madeira is renowned for its rich biodiversity, particularly its endemic species of flora and fauna. The Laurisilva forest, a type of laurel forest, covers much of the northern part of the island and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This forest is home to a large number of endemic species, including the Madeira long-toed pigeon.

Economic Geography

The economy of Madeira is heavily dependent on tourism, which is facilitated by its natural beauty and mild climate. Agriculture also plays a significant role, with Madeira wine being the most famous product. Additionally, the archipelago is a key location for scientific research, particularly in the fields of marine biology and vulcanology.

Environmental Issues

Madeira faces several environmental challenges, including the risk of wildfires, land degradation, and the impact of invasive species on its native ecosystems. Conservation efforts are crucial to preserving its unique landscape and biodiversity.

See Also

• Portugal
• Atlantic Ocean
• Islands of Portugal