Geotechnical engineering

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Geocollage

Geotechnical engineering is a branch of civil engineering that focuses on the behavior of earth materials. It involves the application of principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics to the design and construction of foundations, retaining structures, and other systems that are made of or are supported by soil or rock.

History

The origins of geotechnical engineering can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where early engineers used empirical methods to build structures on soil and rock. The modern field of geotechnical engineering began to take shape in the 18th and 19th centuries with the development of soil mechanics by engineers such as Karl von Terzaghi, who is often referred to as the "father of soil mechanics."

Principles

Geotechnical engineering relies on the principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics to analyze and design structures. Key concepts include:

• Shear strength: The resistance of soil or rock to shearing forces.
• Consolidation (soil): The process by which soils decrease in volume over time under the action of sustained loading.
• Permeability (earth sciences): The ability of soil or rock to transmit water.
• Bearing capacity: The capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground.

Applications

Geotechnical engineering is applied in various fields, including:

• Foundation (engineering): Design of foundations for buildings, bridges, and other structures.
• Slope stability: Analysis and design of slopes to prevent landslides and other slope failures.
• Earthquake engineering: Design of structures to withstand seismic activity.
• Tunneling: Design and construction of tunnels in soil and rock.
• Environmental geotechnics: Study of soil and rock behavior in relation to environmental issues such as contamination and waste disposal.

Geotechnical Investigation

A geotechnical investigation is a crucial part of the design process for any construction project. It involves the collection of soil and rock samples, in-situ testing, and laboratory testing to determine the properties of the materials. Common methods include:

• Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
• Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
• Triaxial shear test
• Atterberg limits

Related Pages

• Civil engineering
• Soil mechanics
• Rock mechanics
• Foundation (engineering)
• Slope stability
• Earthquake engineering
• Tunneling
• Environmental geotechnics