Ghazal

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Form of poetry in Persian and Urdu literature

A Ghazal is a form of poetry that originated in Arabic and later became popular in Persian, Urdu, and other languages of the Indian subcontinent. The ghazal is characterized by its strict formal structure and thematic content, often dealing with themes of love, loss, and the beauty of nature.

Structure

A ghazal consists of a series of couplets, known as sher, which share a common meter and rhyme scheme. Each couplet is an independent poem, but together they form a cohesive whole. The first couplet of a ghazal is called the matla, and it sets the rhyme scheme and refrain for the rest of the poem. The last couplet, known as the maqta, often includes the poet's pen name, or takhallus.

The rhyme scheme of a ghazal is typically AA, BA, CA, DA, and so on, where the second line of each couplet ends with the same word or phrase, known as the radif. The word preceding the radif in each couplet must rhyme, and this is called the qafia.

Themes

Ghazals traditionally explore themes of love, both divine and earthly, as well as the pain of separation and the beauty of the beloved. They often employ rich imagery and metaphor, and the language is typically ornate and highly stylized.

History

The ghazal form originated in 7th-century Arabia and was later adopted by Persian poets such as Hafez and Rumi. It reached its zenith in Persian literature during the medieval period. The form was subsequently introduced to the Indian subcontinent, where it became a central part of Urdu literature. Prominent Urdu poets such as Mirza Ghalib, Mir Taqi Mir, and Faiz Ahmed Faiz have made significant contributions to the ghazal tradition.

Ghazal in Music

Ghazals have also been adapted into music, particularly in South Asia. They are often performed in a style of singing known as ghazal gayaki, which emphasizes the emotional expression of the poetry. Renowned ghazal singers include Mehdi Hassan, Jagjit Singh, and Ghulam Ali.

Notable Poets

• Hafez
• Rumi
• Mirza Ghalib
• Mir Taqi Mir
• Faiz Ahmed Faiz

Related Pages

• Poetry
• Persian literature
• Urdu literature
• Arabic poetry
• Hafez
• Rumi
• Mirza Ghalib
• Mir Taqi Mir
• Faiz Ahmed Faiz
• Ghazal gayaki