Gilding

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Gilded frame being burnished with agate tool

File:Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Layer for Layer.ogv

Belt Buckle with Zoomorphic Design, North China, 3rd-2nd century BCE

Gilding Rock Cen Prometheus jeh

Old book with gilded page edges

Gilding is the process of applying a thin layer of gold, silver, or other precious metals to the surface of an object. This technique is used to give items a gold-like appearance and to add value and beauty to various materials, including metal, wood, glass, leather, and paper. Gilding has been practiced for thousands of years and remains popular in both art and architecture.

History

The history of gilding dates back to ancient civilizations, including the Egyptians, who used gilding in their tombs and on statues of gods to signify divinity and immortality. The practice was also prevalent among the Greeks and Romans, who gilded furniture, sculptures, and architectural elements. In the Middle Ages, gilding was commonly used in illuminated manuscripts, altarpieces, and religious icons. The technique continued to evolve, reaching its peak during the Renaissance with the introduction of new methods and materials.

Techniques

There are several techniques of gilding, each suitable for different materials and applications:

Water Gilding

Water gilding is a traditional and complex process used primarily on wood and plaster for picture frames, furniture, and architectural details. It involves applying a gesso ground, a bole (clay mixed with water), and then the gold leaf, which is burnished to a high shine. This method is favored for its durability and the brilliant, mirror-like finish it produces.

Oil Gilding

Oil gilding, or mordant gilding, is a simpler process where an adhesive (size) is applied to the surface, and then the gold leaf is laid on. This method is suitable for interior and exterior applications on wood, metal, and other surfaces. However, it does not achieve the same shine as water gilding.

Gilding with Powdered Gold

Powdered gold, mixed with a medium, can be applied to various surfaces to achieve a gilded effect. This method is often used for decorative details and in calligraphy and illumination.

Materials

The most common material used in gilding is gold leaf, which is gold that has been hammered into thin sheets. Silver, copper, and aluminum leaf are also used for different effects and costs. The choice of material depends on the desired appearance, application, and budget.

Applications

Gilding is used in a wide range of applications, from decorative arts to architectural elements. In art, it is used to embellish paintings, sculptures, and manuscripts. In architecture, gilding is applied to domes, statues, and frames. It is also used in bookbinding, signage, and the production of religious and ceremonial objects.

Conservation

Gilded objects require careful conservation to maintain their appearance and integrity. Environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, and light can cause deterioration. Conservation techniques include cleaning, stabilizing loose leaf, and in some cases, reapplying gold leaf.