Gospel

Papyrus BnF Suppl. gr. 1120 ii 3 (Gregory-Aland papyrus P4) - Gospel of Matthew's title, euangelion kata Maththaion

Relationship between synoptic gospels-en

El Evangelio de Tomás-Gospel of Thomas- Codex II Manuscritos de Nag Hammadi-The Nag Hammadi manuscripts

Gospel refers to the first four books of the New Testament in the Christian Bible, which are also known as the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. These texts are considered sacred in Christianity and are central to Christian doctrine, detailing the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The word "gospel" itself derives from the Old English god-spell, meaning "good news" or "glad tidings", which is a translation of the Greek word euangelion.

Origins and Development

The Gospels were written in the first century CE, with Mark believed to be the earliest, written around 70 CE, and John the latest, written around 90-110 CE. Each Gospel offers a unique perspective on Jesus's life and teachings, tailored to their respective audiences. For example, Matthew is often associated with a Jewish audience, emphasizing Jesus's fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies. Mark is thought to have been written for a Roman audience, highlighting Jesus's actions more than his teachings. Luke, believed to be written for a Gentile audience, emphasizes Jesus's compassion and forgiveness, while John presents a high Christology, focusing on Jesus's divine nature.

Content and Themes

The Gospels cover various aspects of Jesus's life, including his birth, ministry, miracles, teachings, crucifixion, and resurrection. Common themes include the Kingdom of God, love, forgiveness, and salvation. Parables, a form of teaching used by Jesus, are prominently featured, especially in the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, often illustrating moral and spiritual lessons.

The Synoptic Problem

The first three Gospels—Matthew, Mark, and Luke—are known as the Synoptic Gospels because they share a similar point of view and content, often verbatim, which has led scholars to the Synoptic Problem. This is the question of how the three Gospels can be so similar yet have differences. The most widely accepted solution is the Two-Source Hypothesis, suggesting that Mark was the first Gospel written and served as a source for Matthew and Luke, alongside another hypothetical document called "Q" (from the German Quelle, meaning "source"), which contained sayings of Jesus.

Canonical and Non-Canonical Gospels

In addition to the four canonical Gospels, there are numerous non-canonical gospels that were not included in the New Testament. These texts, such as the Gospel of Thomas, the Gospel of Mary, and others, offer different perspectives on Jesus's life and teachings but are considered apocryphal by mainstream Christianity. The selection of the canonical Gospels was solidified by the early church fathers in the 4th century, based on apostolic origin and widespread use in early Christian worship.

Impact and Legacy

The Gospels have had a profound impact on Christianity and Western culture. They are the primary source for Christian theology, Christology, and ethics. The life and teachings of Jesus as presented in the Gospels have inspired countless works of art, literature, and music over the centuries. They continue to be studied for their religious significance, historical context, and literary value.